Persuasive Letter Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Letter EssayThe question of resemblings at school is becoming more pertinent to our society. Wearing a school uniform is a breach of kidskinrens individuality and self expression. Everyone is unique and so making people wear a school uniform takes away their personality. May this be the reason which discourages them from performing to their full potentials? People believe that if students wore their own clothes they would get judged on how they look. However no matter, what you p atomic public figure 18 in, they will always find a way to pass judgement upon their peers. If its not based on the style of clothes you wear, there are many other superficial ways to judge people and form cliques. Uniforms dont always ensure equality among students. They can actually encourage racism and rivalry between different schools.I tell you that for a fact that not wearing a school uniform actually decreases the number of detentions you get. You may think this sounds stupid, but it is true Have you ever had one of those bad days where everything seems to go wrong? When something bad happens unexpectedly? Well Im talking about my friend. The other day she got in trouble because her skirt was too high. Seriously if school uniform was abolished, it wouldnt lead to this. handle for such a pointless reason No way. I surrender That friend was meWe all know that school uniforms are expensive. Uniforms make parent perish money unnecessarily. They tend to be more expensive than the daily clothes we wear, outside of school. Uniforms can cost a lot, especially when more than one child is attending school.Overall, I personally think that school uniforms should be abolished. Uniforms dont let us express who we really are. They are expensive and very much waste a lot of money, when children grow out of them.Please consider taking action on this vital issue. I would truly appreciate it if you would shed some time and thought on this case and put my points into consid eration.

Persuading the Teacher to let me do my Research Paper on Prison Essay Example for Free

Persuading the Teacher to let me do my Research Paper on Prison EssayAbstract The United States is currently facing an overcrowding crisis in its prisons today. change magnitude rate of crime and the refusal by the relevant state authorities to expand the number of punitive facilities has put a strain to the subsisting prisons. This has been recently been revisited in the national forums with calls from the concerned stakeholders to address the situation before it gets out of hand. Overcrowding according to prison authorities has reached peak levels to an extent that inmates are forced to share cells. The ban impacts of overcrowding are known and they include aggression and a higher likelihood of disease spreading (Paulus, P et al 112). This situation needs to be arrested. thither exist many strategies on the table that can be used to curb overcrowding. These would range from building new facilities, alternative punitive methods and proper designs of the correctional facili ties. (www.johnhoward.ab.ca). The purpose of this short essay is to apply all the persuasive and writing schools acquired, use them to convince my instructor on why I should be allowed to turnout the above topic. In this paper, I shall look at the resources that are theyre touching on this topic, and use them to present a solid case and slope regarding the topic. This all is meant to prove to my instructor that this is a topic worthy tackling and that I am the right person.The possible thesis statement for the essay will be The federal government should allocate adequate resources to alleviate the problem of overcrowding in our prisons. This thesis statement emanates form a personal belief and strong creed that the situation as it stands in our prisons breeds more problem that it seeks to solve. The government has a key duty to provide essential services to all the citizens of this nation in spite of the status in life. The inmates are no lesser human beings than us ad deserve al l the resources possible to make their stay in prison meaningful. There are two very specific reasons that have aroused my intense interest of blanket this specific topic. The first is my background and secondly is my interest in championing for human rights. Having been born and bred in a crime prone environment I have a first hand project with criminals and a better understanding of why people indulge in crime. The political, social and economical factors that can lead to crime. The prisons are supposed to be correctional facilities and not to excessively punish and waste the potentials possessed by the inmates. In writing this research paper I intend to utilize a gigantic number of resources. The Internet and the library will provide a good source of information on overcrowding. Goggle scholar for example has lots of articles covering this topic. For example an article by Anne Bolduc our crowded prisons provides useful insights (Pg 45-57). From the library, a book by Stephen D, et al (Americas correctional crisis, Pg 12-56) focuses on the topic. There will be supplemented by other journal articles and materials from the web. This is an interesting topic and I plan to invest a lot of my time to expound more on the existing information.Works CitedPaulus, P, Cox V McCain, G Death rates, Psychiatric commitments, blood pressure and perceived crowding as a function of institutional crowding. environmental psychology and non-verbal behavior, 3, 1978. 107-116Prison overcrowding. John Howard Society of Alberta, 1996. Retrieved on 21/09/07 from http//www.johnward.ab.ca/pub/c42.htmAnne Bulduc. Our crowded prisons, animals of the American academy of political and social science. 1985, 45-57Stephen D. Gottfredson, Sean McConville. Americas punitive Crisis. Prison populations and public policy. Greenwood Press, 1987, 12-56

Puc18 Plasmid Engineering

Puc18 plasmid DNA DNA EngineeringAbstractThe objective of the experiment was to engineer a pUC18 plasmid so that it maintained a kanomycin subway element in its multiple re-create site and to transform it into cells. The kanomycin resistance divisor was obtained from a pKAN plasmid. The desired plasmid was constructed by digesting pUC18 and pKAN with the same bulwark enzymes,(BamHI and HindIII) and religating the products to give the engineered pUC18. The created plasmid was whence modify into E.coli strains DH5. The strains that contained the engineered plasmid were selected using two manners of selection. According to the indirect method of selection the percent of competent cells transformed with the plasmids was 0.063% which is a low tour. According to the direct method of selection on the other hand no cells were transformed. In conclusion rase though some colonies with the engineered plasmids were obtained the dowry of cells transformed was very low. Also, the i ndirect method of selection gives get around results for selection of desired strains.IntroductionBacteria can turn tail antibiotic resistance genes either in their chromosomes or extrachromosom each(prenominal)y in phage or a plasmid(Hausner and de Jong 2010).B-galactosidase is an enzyme involved into the cleavage of lactose into glucose and galactose and is encoded by the lac Z gene of the lac operon.(Glick et al 2010) The lac operon is prevented from being transcribed through repression of the lac promoter. Activation of this promoter can be through by the addition of lactose or isopropyl--D-thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG) to the medium. lactose and IPTG simply prevent binding of the lac repressor(the product of the Lac I gene) to the promoter. (Glick et al 2010)In the following experiment plasmids pUC18 and pKAN argon used to provide the genes to be transformed into bacterium. pUC18 is 2686 composition pairs(bp) long and contains a bacterial origin of paying back, an ampicillin resistance gene, a lacI gene, a segment of the lac Z gene encoding part of B-galactosidase(which breaks down X-gal) and a multiple cloning sequence(MCS) that is within the lac Z gene.(Glick et al 2010) The lac Z gene encoded by the plasmid is part of the B-galactosidase protein which complements a gene carried by the Escheria. coli chromosomally thus forming a utilitarian B-galactosidase.(Glick et al 2010) If a DNA segment is cloned in the MCS then the lacZ gene leave behind be interrupted and will non give maturate to a functional protein. If that occurs then the Bacteria transformed with the plasmid will not break down5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl--D--galactosidase( X-gal) present in the plates. When X-gal is broken down by -galactosidase it turns downcast whereas when it is not broken down it stays black-and-blue. This color oppositeiation is a dash to tell if there has been any DNA incorporated in the MCS of pUC18. at last in order for the -galactosidase in pUC18 to be tr anscribed, IPTG has to be present in the medium so that the lac operon can be induced.(Glick et al 2010)pKAN plasmids can serve as sources for the kanomycin resistance gene. In the following experiment the kanaomycin resistance gene will be inserted in the MCS of pUC18. pKAN contains an origin of replication, a kanomycin resistance gene and multiple rampart sites.(Hausner and de Jong 2010) More importantly it contains only one BamHI and HindIII recognition sites in the whole plasmid which flank the kanomycin resistance gene.(Hausner and de Jong) This allows researchers to cut out the antibiotic resistance gene by simply using BamHI and HindIII producing only two fragments of DNA the gene and the rest of the plasmid.Once experimenters have inserted the pKAN gene into the MCS of pUC18 and transformed the E.coli strains they need a way to select for the desired plasmid. There be two methods to select for the desired those colonies the direct method and the indirect method. The direct selection method involves spread surface transformed strains into plates containing both(prenominal) the antibiotic ampicillin and kanomycin. (Hausner and de Jong 2010) Since the pUC18 plasmid confers amplicillin resistance(Glick et al 2010) and the kan gene confers kanomycin resistance (Hausner and de Jong 2010) then only the cells that contain Puc18 with the kanomycin resistance gene should be equal to move up in these plates. The indirect method on the other hand is a two step selection process. In the first step the transformed strains are plated onto LB plates containing ampicillin and X-gal.(Hausner and de Jong 2010) Only the cells that have up-taken pUC18 will grow since they will be resistant to ampicillin. Furthermore cells that contain pUC18 with inserted DNA in the MCS will produce white colonies since they cant produce a functional -galactosidase. Cells that give rise to blue colonies will have up-taken pUC18 without any DNA inserted in their MCS since they are able to break down X-Gal. (Glick et al 2010) To select the cells with pUC18 containing the kanomycin resistance gene the white colonies are plated in plates containing kanomycin. Only the cells that have the kanomycin resistance gene in their pUC18 will grow.(Hausner and de Jong 2010)The objectives of the following experiment include the construction of a pUC18 plasmid containing the kanomycin resistance gene in the MCS, the transformation of that plasmid into the E.coli DH5 cells and the selection of the cells containing the engineered plasmid. If both pUC18 and pKAN plasmids are digested with BamHI and HindIII and the digests are ligated then a plasmid which contains both kanomycin and ampicillin resistance genes should be produced consequently cells transformed with the engineered plasmid should be resistant to both antibiotics.Materials and MethodsPlasmid blood line and plasmid engineeringpUC18 and pKAN plasmids were extracted from the DH5 and MM294 E.coli strains respectively usin g a DNA isolation kit as described by (Hausner and de Jong 2010). Confirmation for proper extraction was done through agarose gel electrophoresis by running the extracted DNA in a 0.7% gel at 100V for 1 hour. The gene containing kanomycin resistance from pKAN was cloned into pUC18. The restriction digests to do the cloning were prepared as described in Table 2 in (Hausner and de Jong 2010). afterward plasmid digestion the kanomycin resistance gene was inserted into the multiple cloning sequence of pUC18 in a ligation reaction using the enzyme ligase and the reaction was allowed to go to completion for 24 hours at room temperature. The ligation reactions were set up according to dishearten 3 in (Hausner and de Jong 2010)E.coli transformation and strain selectionE.coli strain DH5 was sub-cultured for 1 hour at 37C. The cells were then made competent by race them in 10mM CaCl. Next cells were transformed with three different combinations of plasmids. The set of cells in tube 1 was t ransformed with uncut pUC18 DNA. The set of cells in tube 2 was transformed with cut pUC18. Cells in tube 3 were transformed with pUC18 containing the cloned pKAN resistance and finally cells in tube 4 were transformed with just water as a negative control. The transformation procedure has been described in (Hausner and de Jong 2010). Transformed cells from all tubes were spread plated onto LB+carb+X-gal plates for indirect selection. Furthermore cells from tube 3 were plated onto LB+carb+ kan plates for direct selection of cells containing pUC18 with the insert from pKAN.To determine the dumbness of competent cells cells dilutions of , and were prepared. The two highest dilutions were plated onto LB plates. altogether the plates were incubated at 37C and they were allowed to grow for 24 hours.After the colonies had grown on plates plate they were counted and their progenys were recorded. White and blue colonies from the LB+carb+X-gal plates were then streaked onto LB + kan plate s to obtain the colonies that had the kanomycin resistance gene incorporated in the MCS.For more information on the procedure refer to Experiments in Biotechnology Laboratory Manual (Hausner and de Jong 2010)ResultsExtraction of plasmids from E.coli strainsFigure 1 contains the image of the 0.7% agarose gel in which the obscure plasmids Puc18 and pKAN were run to check for product. As it can be seen in lane 1 a lot of Puc18 was extracted from the DH5 strain. Less plasmid DNA was self-contained for pKAN from the MM294 strain since the band in lane 2 is of much weaker intensity. There is more than one band in lane two. The extra bands represent additional plasmids isolated from the bacteria.Calculation of Competent cell densityTable 1 shows the dilutions performed on the competent cells in order to calculate their cell density. It also shows the number of colonies on the plates that were spread plated with dilution 2 and dilution 3. The results for the dilution were not used for ce ll density calculation since less than 30 colonies grew on the plate. Dilution was used to calculate the cell density because the number of colonies was between 30 and 300.Indirect method of selectionCells plated from tubes 2 and 3 were used to calculate the % of transformed cells. Every colony represents a angiotensin converting enzyme transformed cell since it can be assumed the every colony has arisen from a single cell. Furthermore for tube 3 since five plates were spread plated the percentage of the transformed cells was obtained by using the average amount of colonies for all five plates.Calculation the percentage of transformed cells in tube 2%of transformed cells= x 100=0.0045% of cells transformedCalculation of transformed cells in tube 3Average for blue colonies= 58.6 59 blue coloniesAverage for white colonies= 11.4 11coloniesTotal number of colonies = 59 blue colonies + 11 blue colonies= 70 colonies in getBoth blue and white colonies from tube 3 represent transformed cells since they both up-took plasmid DNA whether it was just pUC18 or pUC18+kanomycin resistance gene. Therefore since every colony came from a single cell there were 70 cells in total that were transformed from 100l of media spread plated in each plate.% of transformed cells in tube 3%of transformed cells= x 100=0.063% of cells transformed tell selection of clones containing the kanomycin geneNo colonies grew on LB + carb + kan plates. That means that there were no cells that were transformed with the engineered plasmid. Furthermore an accurate number for % of transformed cell could not have been calculated even if cells had grown in these plates. That is because this selection method takes into account only the cells that were trasformend with pUC18 which contained the kanomycin resistance gene and not the cells that were transformed with only pUC18. interventionIsolation of plasmids from cellsThe optimal results for the gel would have been to see one strong band at 2.7 kb repres enting pUC18 and one strong band at 4.2 kb which represents pKAN. For the pKAN lane there is more than one band seen. Those bands represent different sized plasmids that were also isolated from the cell. Since there was no DNA ladder on the gel it cannot be concluded what plasmid the lanes represent but the only thing that can be concluded is that there was plasmid DNA isolated from both the DH5 and the MM294 strains which most likely was pUC18 and pKAN. In order to conclude whether pUC18 and pKAN plasmids were isolated from the bacteria the students should be provided next time with a DNA ladder in order to determine the sizes of the lanes.Indirect selection methodThe cells from tube 1 were transformed with un-digested pUC18. The cells from this tube represented a positive control for transformation. The colonies in the plates were all blue and they were too many to count. The reason for the high number of colonies was that these cells were transformed with undigested plasmids whic h are all stable and all allow bacteria to throw information extrachromosomally, making the transformation percentage of competent cells very high. All the cells from tube 1 produce blue colonies. That is because they all had a functional B-galactisidase since no genes were cloned into the multiple cloning site located within the lacZ gene.The cells from tube 2 were transformed with digested pUC18 plasmid. The cells from this tube represented a negative control for kanomycin resistance gene cloning. Tube 2 gave rise to very few colonies in comparison to tube 1 because the cells in tube 2 were transformed with unstable DNA. pUC18 had been previously digested with HinDIII and BamHI and a lot of plasmid did not re-ligate and for that reason the DNA was unstable. Since the DNA was unstable it was not able to chief(prenominal)tain the ampicillin resistance gene in bacteria and consequently the strains were not able to grow in carbonicillin plates. As a result the number of percent tra nsformed cells was as low as 0.0045%.The cells from tube 4 were transformed with sterile water i.e no DNA. These cells represented the negative control for transformation. Because no DNA was inserted in them none of the cells contained the ampicillin resistance gene and as expected none grew in the plates containing carbomicillin.The cells from tube 3 were transformed using pUC18 that contained insertion on the MCS as well as pUC18 that didnt. All five plates that were spread plated with E.coli from tube 3 contained blue colonies as well as white ones. The reason for the color difference is that the blue colonies contained a functional -galactosidase whereas the white ones didnt. The functional -galactosidase in the blue colonies was due to the fact that no DNA was inserted in the MCS to interrupt the lacZ gene. The white colonies on the other hand did not contain a functional -galactosidase since they had a DNA insertion in their multiple cloning site, which interrupted the lacZ ge ne. Consequently they could not break down X-gal. nonetheless just because they had a DNA insertion in their MCS it did not mean that they contained the kanomycin resistance gene. They might have contained the rest of the pKAN plasmid. As a result the white colonies needed to be streaked into plates that selected for kanomycin resistance. If the cells then grew on LB + Kan plates and they also originated from white colonies on LB + Carb + X-gal plates then they contained a Puc19 plasmid with a kanomycin resistance gene inserted in the MCS. The percentage of transformed cells was also not very high 0.063%. A way to improve this would be to maybe increase the thousand of the CaCl solution to make the cells more competent.Direct selection methodAccording to the direct method of selection there were no cells that were transformed. This is contradictory to the results obtained from the indirect method of selection. This error could have been produced because of either improper spread p lating of plates or because of improper transformation procedure. Also the conditions in the LB + carb + kan plates could have been too harsh(two antibiotics) for the bacteria to pick up growth even if they were resistant to both antibiotics. In following experiments it is better to use the indirect selection method since it seems more fortunate in selecting desired strains.Comparison of direct VS indirect selection methodsThe direct and indirect selection methods have both advantages as well as disadvantages. The main disadvantage of indirect selection is that it takes endless since it contains two steps and each step takes at least a day for completion. The main advantage is that if done correctly, the indirect selection methods gives very accurate selection for the desired cells. The reason for that is that first it selects for colonies that just have an insertion in the MCS and this tells the researcher that some reference of cloning has occurred in plasmids. The second step t hen selects for the colonies that contain pUC18 with the kanomycin resistance gene inserted in the MCS. Thus the criterion of indirect selection is that cells have both pUC18 with an inserted DNA in MCS and also have kanomycin resistance. The colonies that grow in the second step fulfill both the criteria.The main advantage of the direct method is that it takes a shorter time to complete and it also uses up less equipment which can also save researchers some money. The main disadvantage with this selection is that it has a higher casualty of giving false positives. Direct selection does not select for strains that have DNA inserted in the MCS of Puc18 but only selects for strains that have ampicillin and kanomycin resistance. Therefore the strains that grow in LB + carb + kan plates might have both pUC18 and pKAN plasmids but not the kanomycin resistance gene inserted in the pUC18 MCS. Those strains would pipe down be able to grow since they still have both ampicillin and kanomyci n resistance. However the genes would on different plasmids and not on the engineered one. Therefore even though the indirect selection method is longer it is more accurate in selecting the desired strains for this experiment.In conclusion, according to the indirect selection the desired plasmid was engineered by digesting both pUC18 and pKAN with HindIII and BamHI. Also when selecting for cells transformed with pUC18 it is better to employ the indirect method of selection because it gives more accurate results.Question 1 Although both lanes contain plasmid DNA, why doesnt the DNA appear to be in the same location in both lanes?The DNA does not appear in the same location in both lanes because pUC18 and pKAN are of different sizes. pUC18 is 2686 base pais long whereas pKAN is 4194 base pairs long.(Hausner and de Jong 2010) Because pUC18 is of smaller size it will travel farther from the wells than pKAN.Question 2 How would you verify that the transformed cells actually contain the c arb/kan plasmid that was used for transformation?One accurate way would be to isolate the plasmid DNA from the transformad cells and run it on an agarose gel. If the kanomycin resistance gene was inserted into pUC18 then on the gel one will be able to see a band of the size 4548 base pairs which is different from both the pUC18 and the pKAN plasmids. The size of the created plasmid was calculated the following way by obtaining the information from (Hausner and de Jong 2010)To find the size of kanomycin resistance gene inserted in pUC18, the number of base pairs from the origin or replication of HindIII was subtracted to the number of base pairs from the origin of replication of BamHI. This was done because pKAN was digested with HindIII and BamHI to obtain the kanomycin resistance gene2095 233 = 1862 base pairsThe size of the insert was then added to the size of Puc182686 + 1862 = 4548 base pairs

Country Comparison of Economic Development Data

Country Comparison of Economic learning DataQUESTIONSYou atomic number 18 required to collect comprehensive economic ontogenesis data for year 2012 2013 of Malaysia and ii countries of your choice and discuss which countrified is better in terms of(based on economic performance da ta collected) and discuss possible ways to correct your countrys economic development and standard of living.MalaysiaMalaysia have 4 types of GDP which is purchasing originator parity, official exchange yard, real yield step and per capita PPP. For purchasing power parity in 2012 idea is $501.5 billion and in 2013 appraisal is $525 billion. In 2012 and 2013 melodic theme for the official exchange rate is $312.4 billion. For the real produce rate in 2012 estimate is 5.6% and in 2013 idea is 4.7%. For the per capita PPP in 2012 is $17,000 and 2013 estimation is $17,500.Besides that, Malaysia have many different thriftiness categories such as unemployment rate, population below pauperisation line. For the unemployment rate in 2012 estimation is 3% and in 2013 estimation is 3.1%. For the population below meagerness line in 2012 and 2013 estimation is at 4.0% . Furthermore, for the budget consists of 2 categories which are revenues and expenditures. For the revenues in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $ 65.72 billion. For the expenditures in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $ 79.4 billion.In conjunction with the budget expenditures there is taxes which applies on the expenditures as well. For the taxes and another(prenominal) revenues is 21% GDP and for the budget famine is -4.4% of GDP. For the consumer expenses will have inflation rate as well. In 2012 estimation is 1.7% and in 2013 estimation is 2.2%.Lastly is the exportingations and imports for the country in Malaysia. For the exports in 2012 estimation is $227.7 billion and in 2013 estimation is $230.7 billion. For the imports in 2012 estimation is $186.9 billion and in 2013 estimation is $192.9 billion.The next category is people and society. on that point is 5 categories which is population, human development power, human poverty index, poverty rates and population growth rates. For the population in Malaysia for 2012 and 2013 estimation is 30,073,353 people. For the human development index in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.769. For the poverty rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 1.7%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation 1.7%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 1.47%.JapanJapan have 4 types of GDP which is purchasing power parity, official exchange rate, real growth rate and per capita PPP. For purchasing power parity in 2012 estimation is $4.638 trillion and in 2013 estimation is $4.729 trillion. In 2012 and 2013 estimation for the official exchange rate is $5.007 trillion. For the real growth rate in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 2% For the per capita PPP in 2012 is $36,300 and 2013 estimation is $37,100.Besides that, Malaysi a have many different economy categories such as unemployment rate, population below poverty line. For the unemployment rate in 2012 estimation is 4.4% and in 2013 estimation is 4.1%. For the population below poverty line in 2012 and 2013 estimation is at 16%. Furthermore, for the budget consists of 2 categories which are revenues and expenditures. For the revenues in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $1.739 trillion. For the expenditures in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $2.149 trillion.In conjunction with the budget expenditures there is taxes which applies on the expenditures as well. For the taxes and other revenues is 34.7% GDP and for the budget deficit is -8.2% of GDP. For the consumer prices will have inflation rate as well. In 2012 estimation is 0% and in 2013 estimation is 0.2%.Lastly is the exports and imports for the country in Malaysia. For the exports in 2012 estimation is $776.6 billion and in 2013 estimation is $697.0 billion. For the imports in 2012 estimation is $830.1 bill ion and in 2013 estimation is $766.6 billion.The next category is people and society. There is 5 categories which is population, human development index, human poverty index, poverty rates and population growth rates. For the population in Malaysia for 2012 and 2013 estimation is 127,103,388 people. For the human development index in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.912. For the poverty rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 11.1%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation 15.7%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.13%. coupled StatesUnited States have 4 types of GDP which is purchasing power parity, official exchange rate, real growth rate and per capita PPP. For purchasing power parity in 2012 estimation is $16.47 trillion and in 2013 estimation is $16.72 trillion. In 2012 and 2013 estimation for the official exchange rate is $16.72 trillion. For the real growth rate in 2012 is 2.8% and 2013 estimation is 1.6%. For the pe r capita PPP in 2012 is $52,400 and 2013 estimation is $52,800.Besides that, Malaysia have many different economy categories such as unemployment rate, population below poverty line. For the unemployment rate in 2012 estimation is 8.1% and in 2013 estimation is 7.3%. For the population below poverty line in 2012 and 2013 estimation is at 15.1%. Furthermore, for the budget consists of 2 categories which are revenues and expenditures. For the revenues in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $2.849 trillion. For the expenditures in 2012 and 2013 estimation is $3.517 trillion.In conjunction with the budget expenditures there is taxes which applies on the expenditures as well. For the taxes and other revenues is 17% GDP and for the budget deficit is -4% of GDP. For the consumer prices will have inflation rate as well. In 2012 estimation is 2.1% and in 2013 estimation is 1.5%.Lastly is the exports and imports for the country in Malaysia. For the exports in 2012 estimation is $1.561 trillion and in 2013 estimation is $1.575 trillion. For the imports in 2012 estimation is $2.303 trillion and in 2013 estimation is $2.273 trillion.The next category is people and society. There is 5 categories which is population, human development index, human poverty index, poverty rates and population growth rates. For the population in Malaysia for 2012 and 2013 estimation is 127,103,388 people. For the human development index in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.912. For the poverty rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 11.1%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation 15.7%. Finally, for the population growth rates in 2012 and 2013 estimation is 0.13%.5 Ways To Improve Your Countrys Economic Development And Standard Of Living1. Wage your levies An efficient tax collection and management system is important for a countrys economy growth. Besides exports, the bulk of revenue is from taxation, without taxation, the government cannot invest in infrastructure, social program s or compensate government officials. Sales taxes, income taxes, payroll taxes and wealth taxes are make by taxpayer into the economy to improve the collective standard of living. This includes the benefit from getting better roads, schools, hospitals and a welfare system.2. Animate within your means By saving money and retention your debt lower than your disposable income, you will be less vulnerable recession. For example, if your credit cards, mortgage loans, the outstanding balance of auto loans and student loans is more than your savings, investments and property combined, hence the problem will come to you. It means you may have a dissatisfied conditions, as like a sudden drop in incidentally pecuniary obligations.3. Acquire valuable teaching The education level is highly associated to the economic growth. In other words, the more skilled of the population is (composed for example of engineers, physicists, verdant biologists, construction workers, etc), the more productiv e, competitive and autonomous that a country can be. For example, with the right expertise, food security can be guaranteed by increasing plain production a plenty of goods can be manuf figureured and exported and natural resources can safely use and local change. So by getting a professional education that is in demand, you will help your country to get productivity and a strategic advantage.4. Devour properties and facilities created locally By selecting to buy a five-dollar t-shirt made in your country instead of the exact same t-shirt selling for one dollar but made abroad, you just made a major positive impact the money stayed in the local economy, domestic jobs were compensated and small businesses remain open.5. Chosen administration bureaucrats in errand of financial development All of the advice above cannot be effective without leaders who fight for corruption, foster a fair trade and business agreements, promote financial transparency, take hold for protectionist labor laws, avoid excessive public and consumer debt, engage in a prudent monetary and fiscal policy development, boost job creation, ease approach shot to important sectors of education and healthcare, subsidize vital industries and help small businesses.2. What is Dumping and why do countries implement Anti-dumping legislation? Do you think such legislations are required in todays free trade world market? Discuss with supporting data and relevant dutiesWhat is dumping?Dumping happens when the export price of the goods in Malaysia is lower than the usual price of the similar or alike artefact in the inland market in the nation of export or basis.In other words, dumping is an global value discernment which the corporation custodies more in its inland marketplace than in the export marketplace.What is export price?Export price is actually the value that salaried or owed for the topic merchandise (supposedly vended at dumping values in Malaysia for overseas products) . In cases the export price may be built on the topic merchandise are first resold to an self-governing purchaser on basis of price.What is guinea pig merchandise ?Subject merchandise means the lesson or kind of merchandise imported or vended imported into Malaysia that is the topic of any countervailing or anti-dumping responsibility act under Act 504.What is like product?Like product means a product which is alike or like in all want to the topic merchandise, and comprise other artefact which comprise bodily, technical or biochemical physiognomies, applications or uses that nearly alike to those the topic merchandise.What is normal value? modal(prenominal) value is the value salaried in the normal course of interchange in the inland marketplace of the nation of export. Auctions used to verify the usual price which must be lucrative and unaffected by any association between the purchaser and vender.Nations comply anti-dumping lawmaking because to authorizing the Examining Specialist to take corrective events against cheating(prenominal) interchange by overseas builders/exporters and to deliver a outline for examining accusations of damage caused by dumped or funded imports.I think such legislations are required in todays free trade world market due toAnti-dumping actions (Legal issues)If a corporation exports a artefact at a worth that is less than the worth it usually custodies in its own home-based marketplace, or vended properties at a worth which does not encounter its filled cost of manufacture, it is called as dumping the artefact. It is a sub-section of numerous forms of worth discernment and is registered as third gradation worth discernment. Many administrations take act against dumping to defend inland business and the WTO lead concentration is on how administrations can or cannot respond to dumping. It disciplines anti-dumping contract. The administration must compute the boundary of dumping (how much lower of the export worth compared to the exporters home-based m arketplace worth), and show that the injured of dumping.ReferencesFatima, R. (2014). MITI. Retrieved 12 May 2014, from http//www.miti.gov.my/cms/content.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.section.Section_e2f9c09d-c0a8156f-282d282d-9947bc72Adkins, T., Alvin, M. (2009). Dumping Definition Investopedia. Retrieved 12 May 2014, from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dumping.aspAzhar, A., Reserve, T. (2014). Govt imposes anti-dumping duty on FCB from Thailand. Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 12 May 2014, from http//www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/business/2013/11/29/govt-imposes-anti-dumping-duty-on-fcb-from-thailand/Gwet, M., Gwet, M. (2013). 5 things you can do to help your countrys economy BobbyFinance. BobbyFinance. Retrieved 13 May 2014, from http//bobbyfinance.com/2013/05/24/5-things-you-can-do-to-help-your-countrys-economy/Britt S.L. (2014). The World Factbook. Retrieved 2 June 2014, from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html

Marketing Orientation With In The Renault Company Marketing Essay

merchandiseing Orientation With In The Renault Company merchandising EssayHarris (2002, p. 247) Defines Marketing Orientation as The extent to which an organisation is perceived to act in a coordinated, guest and competitor-oriented fashion. Narver and Slaters (1990) as well confirm there be three dimensions of Marketing Orientation, customer orientation, competitor orientation, and interfunctional coordination.This trade concept involves three essential steps in macrocosm customer- centraliseed. First, the wants and needs of the customers atomic number 18 researched and identified. Then, the research outputs are studied by the marketers and advanced harvest-feasts are created based on the consumer needs. Finally, customer satisfaction is aimed after public awareness and introduction of the harvest-home is made.A marketing-orientated business is characterised by unlike attributes. The company makes good and extensive practice session of marketing research, demotes bra n-new and broad yields, highlights product measure out and benefits, uses product innovation methods, and designs supplementary services or customer benefits such(prenominal) as delivery, installation, warranty, and credit availability. All these are geared toward customer advantage.Marketing orientation has three common alternatives which burn down be adopted by a company and these are gross sales orientation, product orientation, and output orientation.Looking at Renaults orientation, the conclusion that we put angiotensin-converting enzyme across made is that Renault is a market orientated organisation. The close for this conclusion is Renault is very decocted on the needs and wants for the consumer. They perk up diametrical types of automobiles focusing on antithetical markets for their customer base. For example, Clio which is marketed at young adults who may pick up a dispirited compute for purchasing the auto. On the other side of the spectrum where the La guna or Megane could be classed as a high precondition family political machine. too Renault has legion(predicate) of these railway cars in a range of dramas molds. Due to the nature of the business which Renault is involved in they have had to diverse the range of car models which they sell repayable to its competitors. For example Ford and Vauxhall.Another good example is Renault are in the process of ontogenesis hybrid cars and electric cars within its car range. correspond to Renault (2011) the front or so electric car will be sold in Israel in 2011 and then in other countries. The reason for this has come from customer demand, consumers are to a greater extent aware of rises in fuel tolls and carbon emissions. This would be a classic example how Renault is a market orientated company.In margins of RD Renault listen to their consumers as different customers have different types of criteria when purchasing a car. Mack (1996) states That to reinforce customer loyalty the y involve existing customer in the design of its cars. According to Renault (2011) Renault- Nissan Alliance sp demise 4 billion Euros on the investment on electric parts. Many Eastern European countries would have a different specification of a car compared to just aboutone in the UK. For example countries such as Bulgaria and Romania need cars that cater for larger families. withal some countries may not guide a car which has a soft top repayable to climate conditions being different in comparison to a country where the hold out is hot. Countries where the weather is constantly warm may require cars to have air conditioning. The Renault car called Dacia Logan has created in 2004, this particular type of car was designed for people in developing countries of the creation. The car was first sold in Romania at a very cheap value of 5000 Euros and then go alongd into South America and India after proving a success when the car was first launched. Demographics would play a major role in the RD aspect of the business so Renault would know where and how to market their final end product.Boddy (2008) defines PEST analysis as A technique for indentifying and listing the semipolitical, economic, social, technological, environment and legal factors.Political FactorsThe political factors in any country are mostly responsible to alter a business environment as company may decide to transport its business outline based on the political scenario of the region it is based in. The government of any country regulates power supply, telecom and postal services and finance.The future(a) are the political factors that affect Renault within the UK. menstruation taxation policyAccording to the Trade and Investment minister Digby Jones the UK is embark on least attractive to work and invest repayable to the taxation policy, which was under cart from opposition to tax rich foreign investors doing business in the UK. Thus the labour party proposed a cut on taxing inves tors who are non-UK domiciled.Also a worth mention is VAT which elbow room value added tax. It is charged on most goods and services that are VAT registered.The recent recession has abnormal a lot of businesses most importantly the car manufacturing in the UK, it female genital organ be seen as going through a bad phase for the motorcar industry. Thus UK motor agency served a budget to the current Government in the UK and urged it to create a castigate flow of policies to sustain growth in the segment.Renault decided to follow the following measures to counter any future threats in regards to financial aspect of the identical by the following measuresContinue to put mash on banks to give more than loansSupport automotive councilFreeze fuel dutyFollowing the Kyoto protocol, more political pressure has been imposed to the polluting industries. Regarding the car market, Governments across the world have established some environmental penalties and bonuses to manufacturers and consumers.For customers, they need to pay a tax to the government according to the level of CO2 emissions.This muckle have a massive influence for debauchers, especially with sports car and ones with large engines which are regarded as the most polluting.Economic factorsOsbourn (2011) mentions Chancellor of Exchequer made a budget statement which is meant to reform the nations economy and this time the budget is neutral and also becomes the best present in Europe to invest, which is a good sign for car manufacturers as certain taxes applicable have been cut and import duty has been signifi batchtly reduced, which is a sign of relief for car manufacturers.Godlevskaja et al (2011) states Many OEMs are expanding their model lines to entice new customers and increase overall customer base range. Often at their competitors expense. At the same time growth increase is bound within the auto mobility industry as a whole. in the EU new car demand fell 7.8 per cent to 14.7 million unit s in 2008 that reflects consumer concerns close the economy the buying power from consumers this could have been down toward the recession, despite this Renault would continuously market themselves to its potential consumers. Having customer awareness makes people want to purchase their vehicles with newer models being introduced.Sociological FactorsThese factors constitute various social factors such as cultural aspects, demographics, keepstyles and attitudes. For e.g. Whatever works in one country may not be successful in other, Renault may sell racing cars in France but for a market like India it needs to launch small cars as in this country small cars are much in demand due to the infrastructure of the company and population size.DemographicsRenault is the third largest car manufacturer in the world with its presence across Europe, Asia and even Africa thus it needs to proactive rather than reactive in training in these countries. Its policy of developing strategic alliances with local anaesthetic manufacturers helps it to get an edge in the global scenario as locals know their home market better, they use a tried and tested marketing strategy of targeting the right market segment to see if it works sells. Such alliances apart from advanceing industrial harmony also helps in sharing of technological aspects of each firm, and helps develop new products such as the concept of electrical cars to save fuel and protect the environment.Though Renault is a French company it has alliances across the Globe that helps it foster multicultural aspects. In which the sentiments of local population are not hurt as they continue using the same product such as in case of Romania and Korea. Where in Renault acquired Dacia and Samsung motors respectively. Such alliances also help it to launch existing vehicles from one region to the other, also known as market development from Ansoffs matrix. Alez-Aller et al (2010) states knowing your customers needs and wants are vita l to success to entry strategy within new regions. In depth analysis of macro and small environment is key when consumers are looking to purchase vehicles.Technological FactorsAny company from any sector catering to any segment needs to change at some point, in order to grow and survive the growing competition from consumers and competitors. Godlevskaja et al (2011) states Firms must constantly adjust their service portfolios because it is important for companies to have a dynamic service portfolio that is adapted to various customer needs.Consequently companies that fail to do so lose in the long term as the outside world is very competitive and brutal to securing a position in the market. Companies worldwide spend millions of money just to make sure that they do not lag behind if they lack the technical expertises. Renault (2011) quotes directly from its website Renault is committed to the development and implementation of new technologies into every aspect of our vehicles. Renau lts engineers cover every burthen roadholding, safety, comfort, soundproofing, etc. in their relentless quest to make motoring a pleasurable experience. doorkeepers five forces analysis and criticismIn order to settle a strategy, a company must analyse its industry. However the analysis of its competitor is not enough to understand all the aspects of the business. The types of businesses are various and numerous. only if in almost all the industries, Michael E. Porter has identified a common structure be by five global forces. These are to take into consideration in order to implement a successful strategy.1. The AnalysisFor our topic we will consider these five forces within the car industry adapted to the Renault Company.Rivalry among existing competitorsStrong competitionVery unafraid competitive rivalry in the cars sector, especially with the brands focusing on a particular market segment. E.g. Audi are becoming leaders on high standard tincture cars, while TATA is undert aking the low cost cars segmentThe Asian manufacturers have a very strong growth thanks to their low cost cars and their quality car is very reliable. E.g. KIA and their 7 years warranty.The structure of the automotive industry is becoming more and more powerful because of all the merges and the joint ventures, so the competition is strong and aggressive.The threat of new entrantsLow threatFew new brands entering on the market for these important reasonsThe investment that has to be made is extremely important. Especially in the manufacture part of the activity, where the investment must be important if the brand wants to get a competitive advantageThe experiment and the know-how are essential elements to have its place on its market, in particular on management of the costs and the competitiveness.The competitors already present are already well known brands. All these companies trend to be restructured into fewer free groups. These implicate that they are more powerful and do no t let possibilities for any small new company to enter in the marketThe threat of substituteMild/ Relative Threateven if there are the other steerings of transportation, the car remains indispensable nowadays. It is true that sometimes changing the transportation way can have some advantages as the cost (with the low cost airline carrier), the ethic of environment (with ecological way of transports such as trains or the buses) or time in important factor within lsrger cities (with the underground), none of the transport way offer a good shamble of utility, convenience, independence, and value afforded by automobiles.Nowadays, the automotive companies have a wide range of product, which can satisfy every demand, in adapting their cars in satisfying every new need, that increases the loyalty of the consumers to use cars.Bargaining power of the suppliers dependency Suppliers/CustomerThe purpose is being to establish a profitable, reliable relation for both parts. But the parts suppli ers are sometimes small manufactures so Renault has more pressure to put on its supplier in terms of priceHowever the image of Renault, as a reliable car company also depends on the quality of the car partsSuppliers are also important to Renault in terms of costs, according to Renault (2011) Suppliers account for 80% of total vehicle production costs. It is therefore essential for Renault to gain their commitment and to make them part of its approach to sustainable developmentBargaining power of the buyersStrong power of negotiationThe consumers are the target of communication campaigns and marketing actions because it is more and more tempted to try other brandsThe final product are standardised, customers can put the pressure on the different vendors insisting on the fact that an equivalent car can be find from another company for approximately the same priceThe negotiation can be in the price, but also on obtaining more options or services with same price. This affects the costs to organisations2. Criticism of the Porters analysisThe three new forcesThe Porter analysis remains one of the most influential marketing and strategy tool. However this analysis has been written by Porter during the 1980s, and the economic world has considerably changed during the last decades. Especially due to the Internet and all the e-business that make evolved most of the industries.Larry Downes, co-author of Unleashing the Killer App Digital Strategies for Market Dominance relates in the article beyond Porter that the Porters five forces analysis is no longer a complete tool to opt for a viable strategy.He describes new strategic frameworks composed by three new factors (forces), which permit to analysis the business area more relevantlyThe digitalisationDue to increase power of information technology, new business models will be born from the market. This allowed the global awareness of the consumers on the global market. The competitors will now not only be part of the same industry. Now the tour operator Thomas Cook can be a competitor of Renault. These 2 companies will push their clients to use their money to buy their product when there are the same pricesAccording to Recklies (2008) The old economy used IT as a tool for implementing change. Today technology had become the most important driver for change. at that placefore mindsets have changed for organisations and how they operate the final end product will require an element of technological advances for it to successful in newfangled society due to social factors.The GlobalisationThe globalisation of the market is nowadays something that a company cannot afford to ignore. The effects of the globalisation on businesses are progression in the areas of distribution logistics and communication. The Global companies have to adapt their strategies in function of the global network. These strategies remain more complex than what Porter describe. Its not a call into question of price or quality fo r the customers, but trying to reach a type of loyal race with a network of partners and consumers.The deregulationOne of the big changes in the business from the Porters model is the taking into consideration of the intervention of the governments in the business and in the industries. Because of the action of the states (new laws, new quality requirements, new importation/ export quotas) the industries and the organisations have to adapt their strategies, finding new alternatives to their business models.These factors became important but they rarely appear into the Porter analysis. So an important Company like Renault cannot focus on this tool to create a solid and successful strategy. The purpose of the five forces model is to define the attractiveness of an industry in relation with theses 5 forces. But according to Dagmar Recklies In economics, the constellation of factors determines issues like profit maximisation or supernormal profits.So we can conclude that the Porters fi ve forces analysis is a strategy tool that can be used only knowing its limitations and among others tools to be the base of a correct strategy.PlaceJobber (2006) defines price as The agreed value placed on the exchange by a buyer and seller. Price is one of the fixed key factors in the marketing mix and should be blended together with all element of the marketing mix, to create customer value. It can be argued then that price interlinks with the other elements of the marketing mix and must be met by supply and demand to achieve its best.Price in the marketing mix is very important to a business as it can determine if a company is successful or not when selling the product, it can be perceived that price can reflect quality when selling to consumers. The price can affect the following areas so its pivotal to have the right pricing strategy to market the right product.Price can include the cost of production to an organisation and the strategy they use to market the product at a comp etitive price so consumers decide to use you, rather than your competitors. The price of a product can be sold at a cut-price to boost volume of sales. This can be a strategy used by organisations to gain market share which can have its positives and negatives. footnote (2006) states Having low prices may be perceived by consumers as being low quality. Organisation may market themselves so they may be seen as obtain profits on a short term basis. This is where promotion can be interlinked to a pricing strategy. Organisations spend vast numbers on RD before setting prices on products. It can be argued that firms must price the product in a way which reflects the appropriate position of the product within the market.The balance for organisations is to maximise profits, but to have a consistent amount of sales. Marketers use this strategy as they maybe price orientated within the marketing mix. This is where product development would occur and knowing your target market well.Renault uses price within the marketing mix very well. Throughout its range of cars they have luxury cars including the Laguna all the way down to the Clio which is targeted on price with low maintenance costs. In terms of price to the Renault Clio it can be seen as being priced similar to its major competitors. Considering the Vauxhall Corsa, Ford Fiesta and also Peugeot 206.The pricing strategy of the Renault Clio new ranges from most 9,000 to 19,000 plus. There are many factors that can influence the prices of just one particular type of car. For example engine size, motor sport version etc The Clio range has the sport 2000, Dymanique, Gordini and also Bizu. This shows that the product has been diversified to achieve maximum price when selling the product to consumers.Clio SeriesPriceSport 200016,000Dymanique11,000Gordini19,000Bizu9,000Walker (1996) shows that all other competitors i.e. Corsa and Fiesta are based around the same pricing strategy. This is because the car industry is larg e and production costs are not so important and creating the largest profit is not as necessary as it would be for a smaller organisation. The reason for Clio having the same pricing strategy as its competitors is because it is the only model in Renault range to predominately focus on reduce cost with low quality from launch. Therefore it needs to be competitive with its rivals. The Clio model has done this very well as new models for the Clio are designed every few years. The Clio has been on the market for over 15 years proving its successfulness to its consumers who are aware of other markets available to them.The following is a perceptual map of small commercial cars sold and its comparison with the Renault Clio. It can be seen that the Clio and Corsa can be placed in the same category as each other, as both focus on price mainly. Other small cars including Audi and BMW focus on both high quality and price as the character they have is that its a long term investment. The Skod a Fabia is a low priced car because of the reputation it held from its unreliable past, but its reputation has slow been built back up.High prime(a)*BMW 1 SeriesAudi A4**Skoda FabiaLow Price High PriceVauxhall*Corsa*Renault ClioLow QualityRelationships can be built up between the consumer and the seller. Mack (1996) states that Renault try and use this strategy as much as possible when selling cars. But why do this? They do this to make the consumer feel they are receiving a personalised service. Some dealerships offer free gift as an indirect way of making customers by their product too its competitors. Walker (1998) also says This has been a vital part of our strategy in helping to persuade customers that we can execute their needs especially targeting smaller cars. However it can be argued this strategy possibly may not work in modern society. As many people are aware the automotive industry is very competitive, it is becoming quickly cost orientated in particularly markets, in direct costs such as fuel, insurance and tax.Trade-off analysis could be applied to the Renault Clio. Jobber (2006) says Features such as speed, petrol consumption, brand and price are placed in front of consumers and asked which combinations they prefer. While the Clio Mk 3 was being designed it would have consulted potential buyers, they would have used rd for this because the car was designed to be low cost and wanted as many luxury as possible while concentrating on its core competence its price.However this analysis can have its limitations. When rd is taking place respondents may ask for a lot of things but all these additions may not be feasible. When asked to purchase the car consumers may not be impulsive to exchange money.ProductJobber (2006) defines product as A good service offered or performed by and organisation or individual, which is capable of satisfying customer needs.To have an effective product that consumers desire, it needs to be prices fairly and requires a Unique Selling Proposition. (USP) Walker et al (1998) states there are four elements which creates a well balanced and successful marketing mix. These includedMatching customer needsNeed for balanceCreates a competitive advantageMatches corporate resourcesThe product Renault Clio has historically been targeted at the younger aged population who maybe on a budget. The product is a smaller model compared to other ranges in Renault notwithstanding also delivering the majority of luxury that other models offer. Including air-conditioning, climate control, Bluetooth and satellite navigation, this makes Clio very positive when it advertises the model to its consumers. The Clio then however meets the criteria set to have an effective marketing mix.Jobber (2006) states that Product development is important. As technology and tastes change, products become out of date and inferior to those of the competition, so companies must replace them with features that customers value. The fundamental feature of the new Clio model is the tom-tom feature. Renault and tom-tom have had to come to an agreement to include the satellite navigation to integrate this within the models. This has given Clio a competitive advantage over external competitors. Having a competitive advantage enables them to charge a premium price.However in few cases charging a premium price for products can have its down fall. Many consumers may not be willing to pay extra for products that may not be essential, consequently consumers will move to Clios competitors such as the 206 and Corsa. The balance is conducted by market research to see what consumers want, referring back to trade off analysis.According to Renault (2011) Clio is its most successful range of car across Europe. This is because the product caters for a broad range of markets. The reason for can be considered when looking at the anatomy of the Clio. The core product (I) would be the car itself and the way it is strategically priced, as bein g a low value priced car compared to its other cars within its range. The second grade would be products that add value to the overall product. Making it match customer needs and creating a competitive advantage. This could be as mentioned above, tom-tom, Bluetooth, keyless entry system, parking assist sensors and warranties. The outer layer includes extras which maybe indirectly related to the car including after sale support and credit sale. Many augmenting features are closely related to establishing a successful relationship between buyer and seller.A product life cycle (PLC) can determine where the product lies within its life. Many organisation use different strategies to pro-long the life of its product. When a product reaches maximum maturity and seess signs its declining it then considers using Product/Market Ansoff matrix. This involves 4 different strategies that can be usedProduct developmentDiversificationMarket penetrationMarket developmentThe reason for this is to ma ximise profits for Clio. Renault Clio mainly uses product development to change its model throughout years so customers have the opinion of upgrading and keeping up with trends rather than going to competitors.When the Clio was first launched it obviously begins in the introduction phase of the PLC and is strategically priced high. Jobber (2006) states that the strategic marketing objective is to build sales by expanding the market for the product.The growth put is next to follow, there is increase of sales and profit growth. The reason for this is due to increase in promotion by creating awareness. Renault Clio use TV advertising predominately to penetrate the market. They also have their own Renault TV channel.The maturity stage is where the product sales are at its peak whilst time is increasing. This is where the organisation may offer discounts or extra such as warranties. This is also the stage where product improvements occur at the peak of the maturity stage. The reasons fo r this includeMaintain competitive advantageFuture growthFirst move advantageThe decline stage is the final process of the PLC, the reason for this according to Walker (1998) is due to technological superior substitutes and also consumers change in preferences due to competition.The Renault Clio was an innovation that Renault developed due to competition from its competitors. According to Bloomberg Businessweek (2006) Renault was at number 49. Its competitors did not even reach the top 100 of innovated companies. Other automotive companies included within the list lower than number 49, Nissan and Volvo. This information could now be argued because companies such as Ford, Volkswagen and Toyota are much more innovated in 2010 as they have developed cars whilst considering external factors such as the environmental factors. (Development of the Hybrid car)Distribution Mix MarketingThe distribution policy includes all decisions and actions that can be related to the delivery of our produ ct to the customer.There are two different ways of distribution existing for Renaults company.Business to Business (B to B) = Company Retailer ConsumerBusiness to Consumer (B to C) = Company ConsumerEngineeringRenault is one of the biggest car industries worldwide. It is present through the world in around 201 countries, including Europe, North, Central and South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania.An international engineering closer to the markets.The Techno nucleus (France)EngineeringThe Renault Group is deployed globally. It revolves around two componentsEngineering Central, the heart of the system and regional engineering spread over Renaults strategic markets.Engineering centersThe Techno Center (France), the heart of the engineering worldRenault Technologies AmericasRenault Technologies RomaniaRenault Technologies SpainRenault Samsun Technical CenterThis organisation is based on a standardised process of engineering at Renault World of unified technical standards, defining key functions and technical harmonization of policies.A well-developed network of design centersRenault Design America Latina in Sao PauloThe group relies on a parallel network of five satellites design centers.Observatories real trends these rising centers of vehicles for new markets.They are involved from the launch of a new project through to the production of the final concept car.The design centers areRenault Design genus ParisRenault Design Central EuropeRenault Design America LatinaRenault Samsung DesignRenault Design IndiaTwo objectives areWarranty the best customer satisfaction all around the worldProduce close to the marketsRenaults industry realises two type of sell Either to the customers or to companies.But, all confounded, Renault has realised for the Year 2010 reporting record sales volumes with 2.6 million vehicles sold. Thanks to its positioning, essentially outside Europe, in the emerging countries, Renault has bounded its sales. Heres a graph which represents the ma rket where Renault is present in 2010From Renault WebsiteIt is important to understand that the Clio is one of the best vehicles brand for Renault.In about 20 years, it has won more than 10 million customers around the world (100 countries). This success is thanks to a styling, comfort, safety, versatility and different equipment package worthy of cars from the next segment up.Renault February 2011 sales in Europe regionIn February 2011, by Renault (2011) Website, its sales represent in Europe 28,350 cars sold, this means 29.74% are Clios models.Renault February 2011 sales in Worldwide regionIn February by Renault (2011) Website, its sales represent in Worldwide 40,969 cars sold, showing 27.15% are Clio models.In the following table are the most popular diverse ways to market the Clio modelPlaceAdvantagesDrawbacksCar DealershipsThis is the most pr

Discrimination of Irish Catholic Immigrants During the 1920’s Essay

Discrimination of Irish Catholic Immigrants During the 1920s During the 1920s there were many controversial issues. There was a concern about declining moral and ethical values, which led to restrictions such as prohibition for example. The concern about these issues seemed most intense when they pertained to religion. In situations like these it incessantly seems necessary to place the blame somewhere. One particular group on which this blame was emphasized happened to be the immigrants. Irish Catholic immigrants were a main point of discrimination in many ways. The fight for immigration restriction was fueled by Americas negative view of foreigners. Protestants especially made it a point to link alcohol with Catholic Irish immigrants. They were looked upon as immoral and corrupt because of this. Prohibiting alcohol was an unsuccessful way of trying to counterattack not but the immorality in urban cities, but the immigrants who resided there as well. This was yet another exampl e of searching for an answer to the deterioration of morals and values. In an engageway to justify prohibition, it was said that Limitation upon individual freedom in matters affecting society is the price that any muckle must pay for the progress of its civilization. face-to-face liberty cannot estimablely be claimed for practices which militate against the welfare of others or the interest of the community as a whole. (http//www.aihs.org.history.htm) The Ku Klux Klan, which was already an established organization increased in number when efforts to prevent and discourage Irish Catholic immigrants from practicing Catholicism were unsuccessful. The Klan considered itself to be Pro-American, which directly meant anti catholic.... ...for the Irish Catholic immigrants as well as the others, the old-stock drive for conformity and community represented attacks on their culture, religion and ethnicity. Repeatedly their stake in American society, their right to be American citizens, was denied (Dumenil, 248). I agree that it was their right to become American citizens. Discriminating against Irish Catholic immigrants was unjust, especially for the reason that there is no rational or justifiable way to discriminate against which people are allowed to immigrate and which are not. work cited1. http//www.illinoisrighttolife.org/racism.htm. (7/1/98). 2. http//www.aihs.org/History/history3.htm. (6/1/98). 3. http//www.aihs.org.history.htm. (3/1/98). 4. Lay, Shawn. The Invisible Empire in the West. Illinois. 1992. 5. Dumenil, Lynn. The Modern Temper. New York. 1995.

Vitanzas CyberReader and Internet Confusion Essay -- Vitanza CyberRea

Vitanzas CyberReader and Internet ConfusionA rock falls off a cliff and hits another. Both these rocks in issue collide with many other rocks as they fall down the cliff. Finally, all the rocks splash into the water with a mess of confusion and chaos. Victor Vitanzas compiled text, CyberReader , made me tactile property as if I had finally reached the cushioned bottom with a sense of relief and triumph, tinged with a bit of confusion. Vitanza attempts to, solely does not successfully accomplish his goal, which is in his own words is to introduce. . .the Internet (the Net) and the World Wide Web (WWW) (vii). He progresses from an explanation of the terms used in the virtual world to an explanation of a wide array of advantages and disadvantages of the Internet. Each side is unselfishly supported by specific examples giving readers a chance to make their own opinions. Vitanza has chosen articles which co-ordinated the basics of the Internet, its history and its downside in an open a nd honest manner. Unfortunately, CyberReader is not for those who want a clear cut step-by-step method to the Internet. Vitanza begins CyberReader with articles defining virtual reality, profits and hyperreality. One murky chapter follows another, providing readers with a glimpse into the world they are entering when using the Internet. To begin with, although the articles attempt to focus on making analogies to real life-time events, they tend to be vague. In fact, as in the section titled, Enchanted Castles, by Umberto Eco, there is often not even a direct link made to the Internet. Compounding the confusion, Vitanza at times leans towards over explanation rather than understatement. The authors plunge into a long, endless spiel on privacy, censorshi... ... the Internet and types of writing engraft there, which leads to confusion after confusion. Already a massively misinterpreted medium, computer technology and the Internet need a clear cut explanation, rather than a confou nd and inaccurate jumble of articles. Although Vitanzas CyberReader attempted to provide a concise, easy to follow path through the World Wide Web, he fell far short-circuit of his goal. Navigating through this confusing compilation was a long enduring battle, and quite frankly, the battle wasnt worth it. The CvberReader may become useful after many revisions and edits, but for now it is a book that computer classes, English classes and amateur computer users can do without. Work CitedVitanza, Victor. CyberReader. Needham Heights, Mass. Simon & Schuster, 1996. or Online. Internet. 18, November 1996. Available http//www.abacon.com/cyber/