Women in Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in Education - Research Paper Example Attending college also enriches students’ lives in other ways that are longstanding and, indeed, extend to their offspring. (National Center for Education Statistics, 2002, p.19) The statement above well represents the values of our society concerning the higher education and its importance for the occupational outcomes in the future. Despite the fact that the majority believe that pursuing a higher education is a key to successful and promising future, not all of us seek this path thinking it an option for life success. This is particularly true for African Americans and African American females in particular. African Americans still remain an underrepresented group within the educational system of almost any level these days. For example, at highly selective colleges white students were 5 times as likely as African American students to get enrolled, as well as 2 or 3 times as likely to be admitted as their black peers (Huffington Post, 2012). At college, African American stu dent graduation rate is at a dismally low level: 42 per cent. In contrast, this figure for students who are white is 20 per cent above: 62 per cent. This data is true for both male and female college populations, although recent research shows that black women outperform black men at college. The situation is even worse at the post-graduate and doctoral levels. Stephanie Evans, the author of research â€Å"Women of Color in American Higher Education†, provides the following statistics: the number of black female faculty members was 2 per cent at the turn of the 21st century; after almost a decade, there were still so few of them in academia (Evans 131). In this paper, I argue that black women remain underrepresented in the higher education due to historical reasons, disparities in academic preparation due to unequal access to curriculum, income disparities, prejudice towards black women academic potential, stereotyping by professors and students, isolation and alienation, soc ial pressure, lack of Black role models and lack of mentoring support. The fact that for centuries African Americans had been prevented from getting any education at all and from pursuing higher education at white institutions has played a significant role in lack of higher education aspirations in black people. Gardner (1992) found that higher education aspirations in black students depended on their parents’ expectations (McKeemer 17). Further, Coleman (2001) found that lack of self-motivation and parental involvement was one of the factors that influenced the decision of an African American student to pursue higher education (McKeemer 20). In a recent qualitative study of gender and racial inequities that exist among college students, Rachelle Wrinkle-Wagner (2010) found that female college students of African American background are often approached with the question whether Black people, too, can do this (i.e. study in a college). Indeed, the culture of pursuing a colleg e degree is quite young: Evans (2007) reports that â€Å"the first successful Black applicants to the University of Florida would not be accepted until the late 1950s, more than a century after its founding in 1853† (Evans 135). Yet, the number of black students and faculty has traditionally remained low: among 5, 810 members of tenured faculty in the Florida State University System only 157 were black women (the number of black male faculty was 258), as of 2004 (Evans 135). Disparities in academic preparation due to unequal access to curriculum have played a significant role in preventing African American females from having college-bound aspirations. Caroline Simard argues that starting at the K-12 level, school students that come from minorities are more likely to be studying in

Assess the representation of women in eighteenth-century literature Essay

Assess the representation of women in eighteenth-century literature - Essay Example We might take issue with this, but it is easy to see why the novel has been such a keen topic for feminist criticism. In Sense and Sensibility, Austen draws on her own experiences as a young woman to understand the position of women deprived of economic means. It is of course notable that Austen was herself a rarity at the time – an independent female writer, and Sense and Sensibility, her first published novel, was originally published under the pseudonym, ‘A Lady’. Defoe’s Moll Flanders, like several of his other novels, is presented in the form of an autobiography. The character, in this case Moll, is looking back on her life and, as Pollak suggests, is ‘attempting to make sense of it through the act of writing’ (p.139). There is some question over the position of Defoe in presenting the immorality and deprivation of Moll’s past life. Through writing, is he attempting to discourage such immorality by exposing it to the light of day an d public criticism, or is he taking advantage of the excitement readers feel for the forbidden, the lowlife, and the illicit. The latter is surely the case to some extent. There is even some question as to the sincerity of Moll’s conversion from immorality. Defoe writes that she is no longer ‘so extraordinary a Penitent, as she was at first’ (p.5). ... a tool to make the story appear more genuine and authentic for readers, it is possible that Defoe is leaving room for doubt as to his own opinions on women and the position they are given in the society of his novels. As Pollak writes, this ploy ‘works subtly and perhaps surprisingly to unsettle the very truths about gender that his plots seem to affirm’ (p.141). At this juncture, it is worth recalling the terms in which Defoe, writing as the editor of Moll’s racy account, describes the severe difficulty faced in his task. He has had â€Å"no little difficult to put it [Moll’s account] into a Dress fit to be seen, and to make it speak language fit to be read. When a Woman debauch’d from her Youth, nay, even being the Off-spring of Debauchery and Vice, comes to give an Account of all her vicious Practices...an Author must be hard put to wrap it up so clean’ (p.1). There is an air here of Moll being a fallen woman, and being tainted by all that she has engaged in. In this comment by the editor, there is an even a sense of his distaste at handling such material. However, as noted above, at many points Defoe continues to be ambiguous about his own opinion of Moll and her failings. We are left with the fundamental question: is she an immoral soul, or a woman forced by the circumstances of her gender to stoop to low acts in order to seek independence. Defoe adopts a similarly ambiguous position in his presentation of the prescribed roles for women in contemporary society. Moll recounts, in the course of her account, being mocked as a child for believing that she could one day become a gentlewoman by working for an honest livelihood. In this instance, we must ask, as does Pollak, ‘Is the older, more experienced Moll simply exposing her earlier childish ignorance

The Perception Of Happiness In Teenagers Philosophy Essay

The Perception Of Happiness In Teenagers Philosophy Essay Most teenagers do not know the true meaning behind happiness. A teenager usually feels stuck between childhood and adulthood, and that explains their mood shifts. In this research, a teenager was interviewed about his perspectives of how he can be happy just to derive some points to help answer my research question. For happiness to reside inside the teenage soul is quite a difficult task due to the teenagers unstable mood swings. If the teenager were to grow up as a depressed person, nothing good will come out of our country in future generations. Introduction The teenage stage in life is known to be the most complicated stage that a person undergoes. In that stage, teenagers are stuck between two stages; the childhood and adulthood. Teenagers want to be treated like adults, yet their actions show that they are still immature. For happiness to reside inside the teenage soul is quite a difficult task due to the teenagers unstable mood swings. The number of depressed teens in the world seems to be increasing. People wonder why when the have these wonderful technology nowadays, but maybe these miscellaneous items arent where happiness come from One reason behind teenagers sadness is maybe because teenagers dont know the true meaning and way of being happy. If teens grow up to be depression people, they will absolutely affect our community in many negative ways. It is a very critical matter to know of some ways that teenagers can achieve happiness by. The aim of this research is to find out more about true happiness in teenagers and what they can do to be happy. This is a serious matter that needs to be also dealt in professional hands because teenagers are very complicated people. Research Question: What are some ways that will help teenagers achieve true happiness? Literature review Strack, Schwarz, Gschneidinger (1985) assert, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one must consider the psychological mechanisms that mediate between the external event and individuals happiness and satisfaction. Strack, Schwarz, Gschneidinger mention that a persons way of thinking, his psychological thoughts, will help him reach happiness and satisfaction with the outside world. They show that it isnt the external stituations that makes a person happy. Infact it is the psychological mechanism that a person thinks in that will make that person happy and satisfied. According to Martin (2005), happiness consists of a combination of three distinct elements; pleasure, the absence of displeasure, and satisfaction. All these elements seem to come from emotional and psychological areas. The first element pleasure is in the emotional state of feeling great. The second element the absence of displeasure, he quite reflects that no matter what happens, a person should not feel bad or unsatisfied with what he has. The third element satisfaction, he clearly says that one should always be satisfied. All these psychological elements seem to be revolving around the same concept. Stein (2011) says, Its far more likely the cashier was rude because of something in his own life. Furthermore, you will be happier if you assume his bad manners are due to his own issues. Thats two good reasons to assume it has nothing to do with you and move on. Stein gives an example of a situation that a person can face in an optimistic manner were she describes an angry cashier that sort of spoke in a rude manner. Instead of making a scene about it, Stein shows that if you show empathy towards the cashier and think that maybe he had a bad day, you will be much happier and his problems wont affect you. Stein also said, If you look hard enough, you can find something to learn and some good in any situation. Everyone has ups and downs in his or her life. The ups are the ones that any person does his or her best to cherish and love them, which is a good thing. But, when a bad thing or situation happens, people try to isolate these memories yet they know they cant. This will affect them mentally. But if they were to learn from these experiences and find the good in them, they will be happier no matter what happened. Methodology Section Type of Research: survey. Data Collection Tool: Tape-Recorded Interview Although there are many types of data collection tools, the most suitable tool for this research is a tape-recorded interview. An interview makes it easier for the interviewee to express his emotions and describe his real life experiences, noting down every single detail. That way the interviewee can tell his answers and descriptions more clearly and accurately. Background of interviewee: When picking an interviewee candidate for my interview, the following must be kept in consideration: A person who is a teenager (age 12-18): a teenager must be the interviewee to know how teenagers think and act. One must not interview an adult for a teenagers point of view. A person who always tends to avoid having problems: Such a teenager will not have many problems with other people, hence he will hardly be sad. A person who is happy and satisfied with life: Knowing what made him happy or how did he become happy will greatly assist this research. A person who is very calm and doesnt act irrationally: Such teens will know how to act in harsh situations without hurting themselves. Analysis and Interpretation The interviewee seems to be very understanding on the way other teenagers think. He grew up in the hands of very strict parents, yet he never complained about them. In fact, he always mentions how much he loves them and how grateful he is towards them. He also mentions some mistakes that teenagers always do. The interviewee starts the interview by giving two common wrong thoughts of what teenagers think happiness is. Teenagers usually think that happiness comes either from extrinsic items, like gifts and expensive objects, or intrinsic bonds, like those between your family and friends. The interviewee states, happiness is just how you think and how you interpret the problems you face in your everyday life. He says that happiness is more of a mindset rather than a physical or emotional being. The interviewee gives a wrong common interpretation that teenagers think when he gives an example to his description of happiness. He said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when you face a problem between you and your family, what a teenager usually thinks that his parents hates him and that his life is overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Then he gives a consequence to this thinking when he says, then slowly these negative thoughts start controlling him gradually and he will end up hating his parents. He shows that this way of thinking is one of the reasons why teenagers are unhappy. He then shows the correct way of thinking when he said, But if he thinks about it in a positive way, like instead of his parents hating him, he should think that his parents are doing this to protect him, he will be a much happier and thankful person. He shows that optimism and empathy will make any teenager more happy and accepting. He summarizes his point that happiness comes from positive thinking. The interviewee shows that with the correct mindset, a teenager can feel like the happiest person in the world when he said, I really like to think of myself as from the happiest kids on earth because I believe when u thinks like that you feel like that. He shows that even if there is a problem, being proactive is best to solve it and therefore be much happier. He implies if a teenager is not proactive, his problems will gradually grow and expand, and they might reach to a point where this problem will affect him negatively. The interviewee shares some of his methods that make him happy when he said, Well I try my best to think of my life and problems in a different way, by always thinking positive. Plus I always tend to expect the worst, but not in a pessimistic way. He gives an additional example were he shows that happiness comes from the correct thoughts or the correct mindset. He shows that having humble expectations can help a teenager be much more happy and appreciative in any situation. The interviewee describes himself as any other teenager, showing that he can also be in the same situation that any teenager can be in. The only different thing is the way he acts in that situation. He implies that being self-aware and proactive is the best way to approach a situation. This way a teenager can solve any problem that stands in his way, therefore making him a happier person. In the end of the interview, the interviewee asserted that happiness is internal, and that any teenager can be happy if he wants to. He indirectly states again that true happiness comes from the correct mindset. Conclusion So, What are some ways that will help teenagers achieve true happiness? Research Question Answers: They should think positively. They should show empathy toward others. They should be optimistic. They should be proactive towards their problems. They should have humble expectations They should be self-aware. In conclusion, the mistakes those teenagers commit mostly revolve around their negative thoughts. This is one of the reasons that lead them to be depressed. Teens should be taught of such helpful methods that the interviewee showed and even more. Teenagers are the future of our community and they should be filled with happiness and bright thoughts. I recommend that teenagers should implement these methods that the interviewee performs because if the teenagers in our community were to be depressed and unsatisfied with life, they will grow to be unsuccessful men. Schools should make psychology classes that can help teenagers in their school learn more about how to be happy. This matter is very important because if our teens were to be unhappy then our community will fall to the ground because in the future they wont be successful. Scientists that understand about teenagers must perform more research and studies on the happiness in teenagers to help find more ways for them to be happy. Critical Reflection When the second semester in school started, a sudden rush hit me. I remembered that in the second semester we are supposed to take research classes, and in the end of the year were supposed to hand the teacher a full research project that will hold a high percentage of our report card grade. I was scared, until the first research period. Our teacher came and explained what research is and how easy it is if we follow 10 simple steps in the coming months. He also told us that this would help us in our university, especially because Im going to pursue a medical career. The first step wasnt very hard. I already had some areas in mind that I would love to know more about. I wrote the three areas easily, but the hard part was picking the one I wanted to work on most. In the end, I chose the topic I want most, and the one that seems to be the most informative. Until now, I felt great and satisfied with the research. In the second step, I had to pick the best title for my research. I had to check what I wanted to find in this research first to put the most suitable title. Until know the steps seem to be very simple, yet I knew I had a long way to go. I took a look at some research samples of the previous year. It was then when I became shocked and terrified. These samples seemed to be very complicated and long. I knew Im still very far from being able to perform a proper research. In the third step, I had to find some research questions that show my aim of this research. I asked the teacher for some guidance because I didnt want to pick a very complicated research question that needs time and relentless effort to perform. I felt relieved when I asked my teacher about it because as it seems the research questions I was going to choose were very complicated. In the fourth step, I had to figure how am I going to gather my information and in what method. This step felt like a break because I already planned before how am I going to gather my information. The fifth and sixth step were the hardest so far. I felt very pressured because we only had limited time to perform these steps. Finding the proper questions for my interview was very difficult, but with my teachers help I was able to finish in time. When I finished formulating my interview questions, I had to look for the best interviewee. This task was easy because I already had a person in mind. The seventh step wasnt hard, yet it was time consuming. I felt really pressured due to the fact we had two weeks left, and I still have many questions regarding the research. In this step I had to transcribe the whole interview on the computer. I felt like this step would take forever. I just kept on typing and typing non-stop until I finished transcribing it. Here I was in the last three steps. I was scared, yet thrilled that Im almost done from the research. This step wasnt very complicated, but finding the correct information was very hard. I hardly found some literary reviews for my topic. These steps took a lot of time. For a second I thought I would never finish this research on time. So I worked very hard to finish this research, which took me days and nights of non-stop typing and searching. In the end, I was able to get this research done. I felt very happy and relieved because the final graded assignment of this year is finally over. References Martin, P. (2005).  Making Happy People: The Nature of Happiness and Its Origins in . Childhood. Paul Martin. HarperPerennial. Stein, C. (2011). How To Be Happy (p. 41). New York: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Retrieved from https://www.orangetreetheatre.co.uk/files/press-releases/OrangeTreeTheatrePressRelease-HowToBeHappy_0.pdf Strack, F., Schwarz, N., Gschneidinger, E. (1985). Happiness and reminiscing: The role of time perspective, affect, and mode of thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(6), 1460-1469. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.49.6.1460

Deviant Behavior Essay -- Sociology Sociological Psychology Essays

Deviant Behavior Deviant behavior refers to behavior that does not conform to norms, does not meet the expectations of a group of a society as a whole. After birth, children begin to experience situations with others. They are taught what he or she should and should not do, what is good or bad and what is right or wrong. Learning habits that conform to the customs and traditions of the groups into which the child is born develops a system of values. These values provide justification and motivation or for wanting to refrain from behavior that is disapproved. After reading this, one can see how a behavior is considered deviant, but the question is, â€Å"Why is a certain type of behavior considered deviant?† This paper will take a particular deviant behavior, which is illicit drug use, and examine why this type of behavior is labeled as deviant. By using theoretical approaches, this paper will provide the reader an explanation of why illicit drug use occurs in the first place. Throughout history, all human societies have used drugs, but it hasn’t been until recently considered deviant behavior. Drug use was seen only as a personal problem, but today’s societies, in general, condemns drug use. There are many reasons for this perception of drug use in our society today. It’s stated that â€Å"since a social process creates standards for deviance, consumption of a particular drug becomes deviant only when individuals and groups define it a such† (Clinard and Meier, 2001). This is seen in new laws and legislation against drug use, making drug use, seen by society, as wrong and criminal. This causes public opinion to look at drug use as deviant because the norms of society have been changed. These new laws were passed by legislation because of the common myth that drug use is the cause of bigger problems of society. Society is given the belief that drug users posses certain characteristics which include â€Å"low self-esteem, social incompetence, inadequate identity, easily influenced by peers, and irresponsible or mindless† (Moore and Saunders, 1999). This tells society that only troubled people use drugs. This common belief holds that people using drugs necessarily have personal problems and lack social skills, which then in turn, threatens personal health and morality to societies well being. Also, medically, reference to elicit drug use is considered drug abuse. T... ...s of drug use as very negative because mostly of the formal sanctions powered by the legislature. The media portrays the stereotypes of the type of people who use drugs and this only helps fuel societies approach in dealing with illicit drug use. Society in general needs to refrain from looking at drug use as negative, but look at it as a norm for human beings. Until drug use is seen as a norm, the media and politician will still see that all drug use is a problem, and considered it deviant. Study that would help this issue would be if drug use has any positive benefits that people who abstain from drugs do not receive. Works Cited: 1. Akens, Ronald. 1998. Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 2. Becker, Howard. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in Sociology of Deviance. New York: The Free Press. 3. Clinad, Marshall and Meier. 2001. Sociology of Deviant Behavior. Orlanda: Harcourt College Publishers. 4. Goode, Jack. 1994. A Theory about Control. Boulder: Westview Press. 5. Moore, David and saunders, Bill. 2001. â€Å"Youth Drug Use and the Prevention of Problems.† Journal of Drug Issues 13:219-235.

The 13th Amendment

Devan Laney Amendment 13 is the one that has made big impact on me. I don’t know where I would be if slavery were not abolished. I may be a slave or just horribly discriminated against because of the Civil Right Movement not taking place. Without this Amendment major accomplishment would have never happened. Just think Martin Luther King Jr. may have never happened or Obama may have never become president. Other things important to history because of it was The barrier an American sports all the Great African American Athletes brought in to shite sport leagues like Jackie Robinson, Jesse Owens etc.I believe people would be angrier and a lot less tolerant then how they are today. I think back then eventually African Americans eventually would become more violent in the plantations and eventually the hatred for us would have been extreme. I don’t know that I could be as strong as them and endure the hatred they encountered. This Amendment made the United States better bec ause the more time had went on with people closer to being considered equal the United states became more unified.An example of that is interracial relationships it still isn’t completely accepted but it is more tolerated then say in the 1950’s. I believe only good came out of this Amendment getting passed. I am so thankful that the Amendment was passed for me and my ancestors my race has come so far since then. They fought so hard for the freedom I have today and I hope that in the next generation we can do are part in furthering the battle of racism.The Constitution today is the still the backbone of our country. Without it the U. S. would be a less organized country. I believe we wouldn’t be a developed country and very weak to a lot of countries. I wouldn’t be able to imagine us if we didn’t have the constitution or what type of rights would be in place instead of the Amendments. The Constitutions makes us one of the mega powers in the world be cause of the power each and every citizen holds in either their own life or in the Unites States future.

The Importance of Promoting Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Schools

Written Assessment #2 in Unit 204 (2. 3, 2. 4, 2. 5, 3. 1) The follow assessment will have a brief description of the importance of inclusion and inclusive practices in work with children and young people. And it also contains an exploration of how our own attitudes, values and behaviour may lead to that inclusive practice, how to challenge discrimination and how to promote some important anti-discriminatory and inclusive practices. First of all is important to define what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practice. Inclusive practice is a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers that compromise the children participation in their educational process, in their feeling of belonging and in their wellbeing in the school. Inclusion is about ensuring that all children, with or without disability and no matter their background, are able to participate in all education aspects in school. As teaching assistants, we have the duty to ensure that, at all the time, we promote inclusion in all school settings. Therefore, we should encourage good practices that will help to achieve this main principle of inclusion. Our own attitudes, values and behaviour could be fundamental to achieve this goal. The policies and procedures are in schools to be taken and we should show them, not only on some notice boards, displays and posters or in casual activities such cultural annual events, but also, through the every day contact with groups of children and young people. Our day basis conduct is important to show and teach the children how to promote equality and inclusion, how to avoid prejudice, racist behaviour and discrimination and, how to be better person, respectful and tolerant with others. As role models we are, at all time, an example for them, so we should keep up a good conduct and a positive practice, demonstrating with our own attitudes, values and behaviour that we prize kindness, justice, equality and mutual respect. If we show the children a disrespectful example towards the others that are considered different or if we don’t have convenient practices, they will assimilate that, and that is not what is expected in a school and in a human being, in the first steps of their growing up stage and construction of personality. So is important that we, critically, self-assess our attitudes and values, to find out what is necessary to improve or to change, towards a better understanding of the school diversity, a better awareness of possible barriers and how to face them, in a way to promote inclusion on school environment. Not making suppositions about children and young people and have a wider knowledge about their backgrounds, interests, abilities, individual needs and positive attributes, will help us to provide more efficient, suitable and personalised support for them. Is also important, to take in to account, at all the time, the importance of that diversity and the ways to avoid discrimination. Schools (in their policies) and we, as component part of the school, have the duty to guarantee that, anti-discriminatory practice (and not discrimination), is promoted. We can promote anti-discriminatory practice by: being a good role model in everything we do; promoting children diversity and individuality; given equal opportunities to all; promoting children participation in the learning process; being aware that â€Å"every child matters† as an individual; having good expectations (and not prejudice or discrimination) of all children; supporting a positive ethos within the school; giving pupils the confidence and skills to challenge discrimination and, finally, evaluating the very same anti-discriminatory practices, so we keep up-dating the good practices. One of the good practices is to identify and challenge discrimination. Our duty is to support and protect children from discrimination. We should be aware when it happens and not ignore or excuse it. We should protect their rights. And by rights, we mean the right to be supported, comprehended and educated, towards what is expected, towards a good and fair conduct and towards a solid confidence, self-esteem and sense of mutual belonging. We should avoid situations where the child feels that is not supported, that is putted aside, that their needs are being ignored, that is inferior to others or is disappointed with our attitude. To be able to challenge discrimination we need to know well the school policy, procedures and practice. So, if we are confident about what is good practice, we’ll be able to deal better with discriminatory situations. Discrimination can be intentional or due to lack of understanding and knowledge. Therefore, we should challenge discrimination by, addressing a person, explaining what has been said that is discriminatory and that this is not an acceptable behaviour, explaining what the causes of it are, and suggesting some ways to ensure anti-discriminatory practice, keeping, as far as possible, an assertiveness approach. In most cases, we should report to the authorities, such: a manager, supervisor or college tutor or even to the Local Authority (LA), when racist incidents occur. In conclusion, is important that we build up and practice good attitudes, values and behaviour in the school, because this will impact in the work with children and in the achievement of the school aims, values and policies. By promoting anti-discriminatory practice and doing an inclusive practice, we are promoting that every child: is not excluded, is valued, has a sense of belonging and have access to participation in the full educational program within a good school environment. As TA’s, is our responsibility to challenge discrimination and to avoid it. The school is the place where all students must have the same opportunities, but with different learning strategies, and by this we mean inclusive approach. An inclusive education encourages the children to be more tolerant, respectful (for our differences and equalities), more skilled, joyful and more independent, in school as pupils and in the society as citizens. I used the information in the follow PDF: http://www. google. co. uk/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=pdf%20how%20to%20challenge%20discrimination%20&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CEYQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. pearsonschoolsandfecolleges. co. uk%2FFEAndVocational%2FChildcare%2FNVQSVQ%2FNVQSVQSupportingTeachingandLearning%2FSamples%2FLevel2STaLISsamplematerial%2FLevel2SupportingTeachingandLearninginSchoolsUnitTDA24sampl ematerial. pdf&ei=tUoFT9HPEomc8gP4yfCzAQ&usg=AFQjCNH7vnb_IgU2o_CZKzu5Ut2QubpREA

buy custom Should Healthcare Be Provided for Everyone essay

buy custom Should Healthcare Be Provided for Everyone essay This has been the debate in many American circles for quite a while now. The question is whether healthcare should be provided for everyone-whether it is a right to which everyone is entitled and not only the privileged in society. In the United States there is an estimated 46million individuals who lack health insurance and another eighteen thousand die every year due to the lack of access to a doctor when they need one ( Twenty Fats about U.S Health Care that Everyone Should Know, 2011). To make matters worse, the cost of medical/ healthcare keeps going up every year. As much as individuals want to buy or access medical attention, they are constantly being put out of that position in which they were likely to have it due to this trend. This puts those who can afford it in a very limited margin while the rest are left with little option in gaining healthcare access. Apparently, studies show that the average American currently spends close to $7,900 per year in healthcare, an amount that many cannot afford. With this in mind, the big question still looms above our heads-Should healthcare be provided for everyone? Yes! Healthcare is a right of everyone just as security and education are. The latter are provided free in the United States and healthcare falls under that category. Second in justifying this is the fact that other countries and nations do provide healthcare for free. It is a service to the public as their right to both health and, by extension, life. The following paragraphs shall delve into this aspect and make a strong argument in support of my opinion. The main reason why most Americans get skeptical about whether we can achieve free medical care for the whole nation is that it is very costly. However, a close examination of the issue reveals one thing-the cost of healthcare in the United States is highly contributed by private insurance companies. They stack up a huge sum of money in making profits for their owners and billing the common citizen exorbitantly in the process. A scrapping off of these companies lowers the cost of healthcare provision by far, leaving the alternative to public-funded healthcare for all. This is the mode of operation of many countries (such as Canada and France) which provide free healthcare for the citizens and it is what the United States needs. If the government becomes the sole payer for healthcare, the right to it will not be costly (Sen. Bernie Sanders, 2011). Therefore, the intermediary in healthcare provision is the key culprit in preventing it from becoming a free right. Yes, it should be provided by everyone, thus the roadblocks to this goal should be eliminated. The second reason that the United States should provide free healthcare to its people is the humanitarian aspect. Considered great nation, it should be able to provide the healthcare that its people need. It does have the technology to do this as well as the resources. The dignity of most people who need healthcare is at peril simply because they cannot afford the medical services needed. In the same vein, one of the key determinants of whether one can afford their medical cover is their job. Some jobs are not able to provide one with medical cover and therefore individuals end up broke, ill and sometimes dead as a result. A more concrete solution should be found to prevent this form of negligence of the American people. The integrity, image and superiority of the American nation should be manifested in how it treats its people and how it takes care of their needs. Providing medical cover is a classic way of proving this point and creating a healthier nation. The healthcare provided to the elderly as well as children in the United States, for example, should improve since they are usually not under any medical cover unless provided by their children or parents respectively. If the caregivers cannot afford the exorbitant costs that come with these huge responsibilities, these marginal groups of the American society suffer greatly as a result. Something should change in this regard. To further drive this point home, healthcare is a human right, as supported by two accepted documents-The United States Declaration of Independence and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. According to Declaration of Independence, all men have the unalienable right to Life, which is by extension a right to good healthcare. The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of oneself and ones family, includinghealthcare. Therefore, abiding by these tw o declarations is a sign of American integrity, shown by providing free healthcare to the nation. Lastly, providing healthcare for everyone will be good for the American economy. Several issues shall be solved in relation t the economy if the government provides healthcare for all. The first is the pertinent issue of bankruptcy. With medical expenses being too dear for the American population, the year 2007 saw 62.1% of bankruptcies emanating from medical issues. This figure has soared today and the situation is not getting better. The economy shall gradually get heavier blows from people who are unable to pay their taxes as a result of being bankrupt. The second contributor to a better economy is the expectation that with the government covering healthcare, more people will opt to venture out and start businesses on their owwn, since they will not be afraid of leaving their jobs with the nagging idea that they might lose their medical cover and thus shall stay at their current jobs. Healthcare concerns have become the bone of consternation for many citizens and may end up killing their morale, enthusiasm and motivation. Most have suffered high blood pressure and chronic depression as a result of not knowing what to do regarding their medical expenses. By paying for healthcare, the government saves the nation millions of dollars through the raising of a healthy, productive society whom medical concerns do not cripple, thus improving productivity and later the overall American economy. With all the above arguments, there are still individuals of differing opinion on the subject and do not support provision of health cover for all (universal healthcare). One of the major counterarguments on this subject is its economic viability. Most argue that the move to provide universal healthcare amounts to socialism. Socialism drags along its own negative effects when it comes to the productivity of a nation. Other socialist practices may include the provision of food stamps, housing subsidies and welfare. According to anti-universal healthcare supporters, this creates a lazy nation that finds no value in going to work and earning a living. This is plausible, since the basic necessities of an individual have been taken care of and thus they feel no need in pushing themselves to earn a living with everything being provided (Pro Con Arguments). However, we should keep in mind what the pros of this proposition hold. Economically, as stated earlier, America has the capability of turning around the kink in its economy if it takes care of healthcare cover. Besides this, a close look at countries providing free healthcare for its people, such as France, shows that a people do not become lazy simply because their healthcare has been catered for by the government. Closer home, Canada has a very good economy owing to the fact that they have a healthy working group whose productivity is high and this is simply because the government has taken care of them. Finally, it is evident from the American population that many want to be productive but end up crippled due to the fact that they have to pay medical bills and may end up losing everything in the process. Let us not let this happen. Conclusion Should healthcare be provided for everyone? Yes! It is a human right, an economically viable option, proof of our nations integrity and superiority and a very possible goal that has been undermined by the eco-political construct in place today. It should have been established from the very start and it is high time we implemented it. Buy custom Should Healthcare Be Provided for Everyone essay

The Tuskegee Project essays

The Tuskegee Project essays In 1972 a great injustice was the Tuskegee study. It was a study performed in 1932 on 600 African-American men. 399 of the men were infected with the STD syphilis and 201 of them were not infected with the disease. All of these men were uneducated and poor. So when the government offered them free physical examinations, free rides to and from the clinics, free treatments for minor ailments, and a guarantee that a burial stipend would be paid to their survivors of course they accepted. Even though the men agreed they were not informed of what was supposed to happen in the study. But what they didn't know was that they would never receive the proper treatment for their disease. Even when penicillin was accepted as the treatment of choice for syphilis in 1945 the men were still not given the treatment. This study went on until 1972 exactly 40 years after it began. In 1947 an advisory panel found nothing to show that the subjects were ever given the choice of quitting the study, even whe n this new, highly effective treatment became widely used. The Tuskegee Study symbolizes the medical misconduct and blatant disregard for human rights. And the worst part about the whole thing is that the government let this happen. The doctors that participated in the study were performing unethical and immoral experiments on human subjects. Many people compare the Tuskegee Study to the in-human experiments performed on the Jewish. There was not a formal protocol for the study nor could one be provided. By the time the story broke in 1972 over 100 of the infected men had died, others suffered from serious syphilis related conditions that may have contributed to their later deaths. In 1973 Fred Gray a prominent civil rights lawyer, brought a $1.8 billion class action civil suit against many of those institutions and individual involved in the study. Gray also demanded 3 million in damages for each living participant and the heirs of th ...

Biography of Joseph Henry

Biography of Joseph Henry Joseph Henry (born December 17, 1797 in Albany, New York) was a physicist known for his pioneering work in electromagnetism, his support and promotion of scientific advancement in America, and for his role as the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, which he helped shape into an academic and research center. Fast Facts: Joseph Henry Born: December 17, 1797 in Albany, New YorkDied: May 13, 1878 in Washington, D.C.Known For: Physicist who made pioneering contributions to the understanding and applications of electromagnetism. He served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, helping cement its reputation as a research organization.Parents’ Names: William Henry, Ann AlexanderSpouse: Harriet AlexanderChildren: William, Helen, Marie, Caroline, and two children who died in infancy Early Life Henry was born December 17, 1797 in Albany, New York to William Henry, a day laborer, and Ann Alexander. Henry was sent to live with his maternal grandmother when he was a boy, and attended school in a town roughly 40 miles from Albany. A few years later, Henry’s father died. When Henry was 13, he moved back to Albany to live with his mother. Motivated to become a performer, he joined an association for theatrical performances. One day, however, Henry read a popular science book called Lectures of Experimental Philosophy, Astronomy and Chemistry, whose probing questions inspired him to pursue further education, first attending night school and then Albany Academy, a college preparatory school. Afterwards, he tutored the family of a general and studied chemistry and physiology in his free time with goal of becoming a doctor. However, Henry became an engineer in 1826, then a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Albany Academy. He would stay there from 1826 to 1832. Pioneer of Electromagnetism At Albany Academy, Henry began to study the relationship between electricity and magnetism, a theory that was still undeveloped. However, his teaching commitments, isolation from scientific centers, and lack of resources for performing experiments delayed Henry’s research and prevented him from hearing quickly about new scientific developments. Nevertheless, during his time at Albany, Henry made a number of contributions to electromagnetism, including building one of the first motors that use electromagnets, discovering electromagnetic induction–in which an electric field is generated by a magnetic field–independently of the British scientist Michael Faraday, who is often credited with the discovery, and constructing a telegraph that operated with electromagnets. In 1832, Henry became the chair of natural philosophy at the College of New Jersey- later known as Princeton University- , where he continued to develop his ideas on electromagnetism. In 1837, he was awarded a year-long leave of absence with full salary and he traveled to Europe, where he toured the continents main scientific centers and established his reputation as an international scientist. During his travels, he also met and networked with Michael Faraday. Statue of Joseph Henry, the first Smithsonian secretary who served from 1846 to 1878, outside the Smithsonian Castle July 29, 2013 in Washington, DC. Alex Wong / Getty Images Smithsonian and Beyond In 1846, Henry was made the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, which had been established earlier that year. Though Henry was initially reluctant to fulfill the post because he felt that it would take away much time from his research, Henry accepted the position and would remain as secretary for 31 years. Henry played an integral role in the formation of the Institution, proposing a plan to make the Smithsonian Institution increase the â€Å"diffusion of knowledge among men† by facilitating original research through grants, widely circulated reports, and providing ways of publishing reports- thus establishing its reputation as an academic institution and fulfilling its founder’s original wishes. During this time, telegraph lines were being built throughout the country. Henry recognized that they could be used to warn people in different parts of the country of incoming weather conditions. To this end, Henry set up a network, consisting of 600 volunteer observers, that could provide and receive weather reports over many different places in a large area. This would later evolve into the National Weather Service. Henry also encouraged Alexander Graham Bell to invent the telephone. Bell had visited the Smithsonian Institute to learn more about electricity and magnetism from Henry. Bell said that he wanted to invent a device that could transmit the human voice from one end of the device to another, but that he did not know enough about electromagnetism to execute his idea. Henry simply responded, â€Å"Get it.† These two words are believed to have motivated Bell to invent the telephone. From 1861 to 1865, Henry also served as one of then-President Abraham Lincoln’s science advisors, handling the budget and developing ways to conserve resources during the war. Personal Life On May 3, 1820, Henry married Harriet Alexander, a first cousin. They had six children together. Two children died in infancy, while their son, William Alexander Henry, died in 1862. They also had three daughters: Helen, Mary, and Caroline. Henry died in Washington, D.C., on May 13, 1878. He was 80 years old. After Henry died, the inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell, arranged for Henry’s wife to have free phone service as a token of appreciation for Henry’s encouragement. Legacy Henry is known for his work in electromagnetism and for his role as the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. At the Smithsonian, Henry proposed and executed a plan that would encourage original scientific research and its dissemination to a wide range of audiences. In electromagnetism, Henry made a number of achievements, which include: Building the first apparatus that used electricity to work. Henry developed a device that could separate ores for an iron factory.Building one of the first electromagnetic motors. Contrasting previous motors that relied on a rotating motion to work, this apparatus consisted of an electromagnet that oscillated on a pole. Though Henry’s invention was more of a thought experiment than something that could be used for practical applications, it helped pave the way for electric motors to be developed.Helping invent the telegraph. One of Henry’s inventions, a high-intensity battery, was used by Samuel Morse as he developed the telegraph, which later enabled the widespread use of electricity.Discovering electromagnetic induction- a phenomenon in which a magnet can induce electricity- independently of Michael Faraday. The SI unit of inductance, the henry, is named after Joseph Henry. Sources â€Å"Henry Bell.† Joseph Henry Project, Princeton University, 2 Dec. 2018, www.princeton.edu/ssp/joseph-henry-project/henry-bell/.Magie, W. F. â€Å"Joseph Henry.† Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 3, Oct. 1931, pp. 465–495., journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.3.465.Rittner, Don. A To Z of Scientists in Weather and Climate. Facts on File (J), 2003.Whelan, M., et al. â€Å"Joseph Henry.† Edison Tech Center Engineering Hall of Fame, Edison Tech Center, edisontechcenter.org/JosephHenry.html.

Nutrition project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nutrition project 2 - Essay Example Write a brief (one-page) summary of your interview. Pay a visit to your favorite fast food restaurant. Ask an employee to provide you with nutritional data on the meal you most commonly order there. Most national fast-food chains make this information available to customers. If it is not available in person, use your Internet access and look online. Some fast food restaurants make this information available on their websites (for example, McDonald’s or Burger King). If it is not available, ask at the restaurant for precise ingredients and serving sizes, and use Appendix A in your textbook to figure out the nutrient profiles yourself. What is the serving size for each item? How many calories in each? How much total fat is in your favorite meal? How much saturated fat is in each item? trans fat? Assume that you consume an average of 2,000 kcal a day. What percentage of your recommended daily fat intake is provided by this single meal? What percentage of your total energy? Go to your local grocery store or health food store and check out the labels of three different brands of â€Å"protein bars.† Try to find similar flavors for each brand (e.g., chocolate, lemon, etc.). For each item, document: Make a chart comparing your findings. Based on your data, rate the bars from most to least nutritious, and provide the rationale for your rating. Finally, calculate the average price of a protein bar. How much protein are you getting for your money? How does this compare with the cost of other â€Å"portable† sources of protein, such as yogurt, prepackaged cheese and crackers, or a peanut butter sandwich? I interviewed a middle-aged lady friend who suffers from Type II Diabetes. She was first diagnosed with the condition three years ago. She found out about her condition after visiting her family doctor following recurrent bouts of feeling sickly. During her check-ups, the doctor tested her blood sugar levels that were high. At first, the diagnosis was

Morrison (super market in UK) Financial Reporting Coursework

Morrison (super market in UK) Financial Reporting - Coursework Example This ratio particularly shows a firm’s ability to satisfy its short-term financial obligations. This ratio is calculated using the following formula; current assets / current liabilities. Based on Morrison financial report ending on February 2015, the liquidity ratio is; In regards to the company’s liquidity status in the past financial year, it is noted that it was not at the desirable mark of a ratio of 1:1. This was attributed to high outstanding creditors’ bill and hence, it is probably not wise to invest in the company since the current assets are half of the current liabilities. Under profitability ratio, the key determinant ratio is return on equity, which is calculated by dividing net income by shareholders’ equity = -238 / 4692 * 100 = - 5.1%. The company made a loss of 238 million in the past financial year and hence why the return on equity was negative (-) 5.1%. This further affirms that the company is not a suitable investment option owing to the fact that the investor will not probably get any return on his / her investment. Since the month of September this year, the company’s share price has been on a decline, signaling that the financial position of the company is still weak up to this moment. The image below reflects the company’s share price performance for the past 3 months. All the key financial indicators show that the company is not in a good financial position and it is correct to assume the future prospects will not be good either; therefore, it will not be wise to invest in Wm Morrison Supermarket plc at the present moment. Morrison’s financial report (2014). Annual Report for the Period of 2013 to 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.morrisons-corporate.com/Documents/Corporate2014/Morrisons_AnnualReport13-14_Complete.pdf. Accessed on

MCS 146F Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

MCS 146F Midterm - Essay Example The other part of the press is the handle, which is mounted on the upper section of the machine and is used to apply pressure onto the printing media. It has a series of levers to multiple the force being applied by the one operating the machine. Counterweights are a very vital part of the press and perform key functions. The purpose of the counterweights, which are located adjacent to the handle, is to ensure that the force of the impression is increased. Moreover, the weights are used in raising the platen after every single impression (Eisenstein 129). This allows for the next impression without much force being required. The press is raised from the ground level by four metallic legs that terminate in molded feet. A closer look at the end of the supports suggests that they resemble the claws of a lion. The four supports are well spread to increase stability of the machine when it is not in use and when it is functioning. In addition to this, the platen is located a few meters from the ground so that the center of gravity can be lowered and ensure that the machine remains in a stable state when other parts are being moved. The Colombian press has talons with eagle clutches. These are incorporated into the design as a symbol of war. It also has olive branches on some talons to show prosperity. At one end of the counterweights, there are arrows that rest on a crescent moon. The other ends of the arrow in the counter masses are coiled to form a dolphin with open jaws. The coiling allows it to hold the hook of the press bridle thus facilitating a connection with the upper end of the levers. Another dolphin like part is extended from the counterbalance to connect it with the main lever. This mechanism works in synchrony to pass the forces that is exerted by the operator to the media on that the printing is to be done. The press also has two pillars that are embellished with cadeus intervened with what appears to

E-marketing in Focus Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-marketing in Focus - Term Paper Example Email is far inexpensive on a cost-per-customer basis than other electronic marketing forms. Email speed up communication to as little as 48 hours in most cases than as much as 6 to 8 weeks for direct mail. Campaign success can be measured using software intended to document responses or sales that can be attributed to email marketing efforts. Reports can be produced on the number of emails read by the recipients and the quantity wherein the embedded links were clicked. By being able to measure the accomplishment of campaigns in progress, marketers can immediately regulate strategies to make response rates stronger. Email is the most extensively used facet of the Internet and is part of many people's daily habit. It is a means of communication with remarkably large addressees that allows recipients to act on messages without delay. Email reinforces product/services awareness and helps build strong customer relationships. Frequently sent email messages that have correctly titled subje ct lines and logos strengthen the company and product/service awareness. Email builds an interactive link with clientele and in a long run develops long-lasting, mutual and beneficial relationships. Marketing Solutions.com specializes in knowing the client's business, their goals, and objectives to customize internet marketing strategies and get the best result for the growth of the clients' businesses. Marketing Solutions.com operates widely via the World Wide Web, www.mssample.com. For less than a year, Marketing Solutions managed to emerge as one of the most competitive service-oriented business solutions all throughout the world, especially in Asia. Business-related products and services are being offered by Marketing Solutions.com. Improving search engine rankings by obtaining the program to easily monitor Web traffic and study where the traffic has been coming from. Find ways to get listed in search engines through writing, coding, and designing pages to make Marketing Solutions.com website ranked high in searches.  

The Origins of Slavery on English Mainland North America Essay

The Origins of Slavery on English Mainland North America - Essay Example However, this also suggests that slavery was an important institution within the colonies long before the need for outside support was necessary. â€Å"Unquestionably it was a demand for labor which dragged the Negro to American shores, but the status which he acquired here cannot be explained by reference to that economic motive. Long before black labor was as economically important as unfree white labor, the Negro had been consigned to a special discriminatory status which mirrored the social discrimination Englishmen practiced against him† (Degler, 1959: 62). Investigating the reasons why slavery became such an ingrained element within the North American continental society reveals a deep discrimination combined with a complicated philosophy toward already established social institution led to the development of slavery as it was practiced, regardless of when it appeared in colonial statues. With the introduction of people of darker skin, white man developed a quick and deep discrimination against these people who lived primitive lives and knew nothing of the higher orders of thinking involved in science and technology. While the English who settled the North American shores did not have a tradition of slavery within their culture, they were aware of the idea of slavery that was practiced in Spain and Portugal. â€Å"As early as 1623, a voyager’s book published in London indicated that Englishmen knew of the Negro as a slave in the South American colonies of Spain. The book told of the trade in ‘blacke people’ who were ‘sold unto the Spaniard for him to carry into the West Indies, to remaine as slaves, either in their Mines or in any other servile uses, they in those countries put them to’† (Degler, 1959: 53). This knowledge regarding the construction of slavery suggested lifetime servitude of the dark peoples rather than

Capital Appraisal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Capital Appraisal - Research Paper Example Total Cost 14,000,000 22,400,000 28,000,000 19,600,000 9,800,000 Gross Profit (Rev-cost) 10,000,000 8,400,000 11,600,000 6,800,000 200,000 Less: Depreciation Expense (1,600,000) (1,600,000) (1,600,000) (1,600,000) (1,600,000) Net Profit/Net Loss 8,400,000 6,800,000 10,000,000 52,000,000 (1,400,000) Calculation of Cash Flow Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Net Income/Net Loss 8,400,000 6,800,000 10,000,000 52,000,000 (1,400,000) Add: Depreciation expense 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 Cash Flow 10,000,000 8,400,000 11,600,000 6,800,000 200,000 Present Value of Future Cash flows Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Interest factor 0.621 0.683 0.751 0.826 0.909 Cash Flow 10,000,000 8,400,000 11,600,000 6,800,000 200,000 Present Value 6,210,000 5,737,200 8,711,600 5,616,800 181,800 Present Value of Terminal Cash Flow $ Present Value Interest factor 0.621 Salvage Value + Working Capital 4,000,000 Present Value of Terminal Cash Flow 2,484,000 Calculation of Net Present Value $ Present Value of Cash Flows 26,457,400 Present Value of Terminal Cash Flow 2,484,000 Total Cash Flow 28,941,400 Less: Initial Investment (17,050,000) Net Present Value 11,891,400 Option 2 Initial Investment (Cash Outflow) $ Research & Development Expenditure 5,000,000 Since the manufacturing and marketing has been outsourced by Newton to another company Faraday Electricals Ltd, Newton does not have to bear any fixed or variable costs. Calculation of Income Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Royalty Payment (No. of Units) 880,000 1,540,000 1,980,000 1,320,000 550,000 x Royalty Payment/unit 5 5 5 5 5 Total Income 4,400,000 7,700,000 9,900,000 6,600,000 2,750,000 The income is the cash flow that will be discounted at the present value factors as... 1. Newton has three options with respect to the operation of the business. The first option is to manufacture market and sell the products itself; the second option is to outsource the entire manufacturing and marketing of the products to another company Faraday Electricals Ltd and receive royalty payments and the third option is to sell the patent rights to Faraday Electricals Ltd and receive the money from it. 2. There are many factors that should be taken into account besides the calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) before making a decision. If the payback period is calculated for option 1, it is 1.83 years which means that the initial investment is recovered in less than 2 years. Payback period for option 2 is 2.5 years and payback period for option 3 is 2.42 years. The payback period suggests that Newton should consider option 1 as it has the lowest payback period. However, payback period has its flaws which make it a less reliable method in making decisions. Firstly the payback method ignores all the cash flows that are generated after the payback period and secondly it gives equal weights to all the cash flows before the payback period despite the fact that the more distant cash flows are less valuable. IRR for option 1 is 42%, IRR for option 2 is 25% and IRR for option 3 is 26%.

The Origins of Slavery on English Mainland North America Essay

The Origins of Slavery on English Mainland North America - Essay Example However, this also suggests that slavery was an important institution within the colonies long before the need for outside support was necessary. â€Å"Unquestionably it was a demand for labor which dragged the Negro to American shores, but the status which he acquired here cannot be explained by reference to that economic motive. Long before black labor was as economically important as unfree white labor, the Negro had been consigned to a special discriminatory status which mirrored the social discrimination Englishmen practiced against him† (Degler, 1959: 62). Investigating the reasons why slavery became such an ingrained element within the North American continental society reveals a deep discrimination combined with a complicated philosophy toward already established social institution led to the development of slavery as it was practiced, regardless of when it appeared in colonial statues. With the introduction of people of darker skin, white man developed a quick and deep discrimination against these people who lived primitive lives and knew nothing of the higher orders of thinking involved in science and technology. While the English who settled the North American shores did not have a tradition of slavery within their culture, they were aware of the idea of slavery that was practiced in Spain and Portugal. â€Å"As early as 1623, a voyager’s book published in London indicated that Englishmen knew of the Negro as a slave in the South American colonies of Spain. The book told of the trade in ‘blacke people’ who were ‘sold unto the Spaniard for him to carry into the West Indies, to remaine as slaves, either in their Mines or in any other servile uses, they in those countries put them to’† (Degler, 1959: 53). This knowledge regarding the construction of slavery suggested lifetime servitude of the dark peoples rather than

U.S. Totalization Agreement With Mexico Essay Example for Free

U.S. Totalization Agreement With Mexico Essay The focal point of this paper is to analyze the Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico. It should be noted that the aspects of this analysis is not fundamentally policy analysis but it intended towards presenting arguments from the point of view of analytical framework. In this paper there would not be any bias or opinion presented rather a comparison would be presented in terms of arguments for and against the issue. It should be stated that in the context of globalization the Totalization Agreement is a very important aspect for the US. Totalization Agreement has the tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets. Globalization better said is the shift in the direction of a more incorporated and interdependent World economy. Globalization has had the effect of markedly increasing not only international trade, but also cultural exchange. some intellectual define globalization as convergence of prototypes of manufacture and expenditure and a consequential homogenization of customs, while others strain that globalization has the prospective to take countless miscellaneous appearances. In economics, a wide description is that globalization is the union of prices, wages, products, profits and rates of interest in synchronization with developed nation norms. Globalization of the financial system depends on the position of international business, human migration, incorporation of pecuniary markets, and mobility of capital. The International Monetary Fund observes the increasing financial interdependence of countries all over the world through rising quantity and multiplicity of cross-border dealings, gratis international capital flow, and comparatively faster and extensive dissemination of technology. In contemporary economic scenario the prevailing trend is expansion in the global market. Global market expansion is nothing but a concept of serving customers beyond the limits of domestic market and in economic scenario considered a key growth strategy. Global market expansion is a business reality that every company encounters at some point in its evolution. Under such circumstances every business venture must balance risk with rewards, the risks when expanding internationally can be less predictable and in the same way the rewards can be more elusive. The companies, which are looking for sustainable ways to grow and diversify their revenue streams, consider global expansion as a strategic option. There are several factors behind the trend toward expansion in the global market. Companies require a global presence. For both offensive and defensive causes, companies cannot overlook opportunities outside their home markets. A company’s requirement for a global presence arises from two factors, their capability of leveraging domestic relationships outside their country and a requirement from domestic customers to support the company’s products internationally. A global expansion allows companies to replicate successful domestic strategies in international markets, potentially in markets with lower competitive intensity. Additionally Global market expansion provide the companies large untapped markets, advantages of low labor costs, savings of shipping costs, speed and efficiency of delivery system, etc. These factors make the Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico more important. (Fletcher, 2006) The Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico could be better understood in the light of the history behind it. For more than thirty years US has been establishing agreements relating to social agreement internationally keeping in mind that these agreements should coordinate with the program by the Social Security of the US. These agreements based on the aspects of programs related to Social Security of the US are cumulatively pronounced as totalization agreements. Under these agreements there are certain advantages. However, from the point of view of the US these advantages can broadly be divided into two parts. The first objective is to eradicate double taxation for workers employed in foreign nations. Without the agreement an individual would have to pay two times as tax on the earnings. The current report suggests that the benefit of Totalization Agreement between the US and other countries has help US workers working abroad at lot. The cumulative savings are estimated at $800 million per year. The second objective of Totalization Agreement between the US and other countries is to provide an individual who is part timer as a worker in either in the US or the foreign country the proportional tax benefit that is so important for the worker. In this context the agreement between US and Mexico becomes very important in the context of financial benefits. It has been estimated that once the agreement of Totalization is signed between the US and Mexico the workers from the United States in Mexico would be able to save about an estimated $140 million. These savings would be made in the parameters of Mexican taxes relating to health insurance and social security measures. However, it should be mentioned that this estimation is calculated on the basis of a 5 year term of computation. Again, in the perspective of humane benefit it would immensely help the workers who have been working in Mexico for a shorter period of time in both US and Mexico as because this agreement would help them to receive the benefits. (King, 2006) It could well be stated that Mexico is a prominent partner of the US in terms of trading. In fact it is the second largest after Canada. This way it becomes important for the US to indulge in Totalization Agreement with Mexico. As it is Mexico is already under the Totalization Agreement with Canada making it mutually beneficial for both countries. The advantages and disadvantages of Totalization Agreement with Mexico have been heavily scrutinized and debated in recent years. Proponents of Totalization Agreement with Mexico say that it helps developing economies catch up to highly developed industrialized economies much faster through increased employment and technological advances. Critics of Totalization Agreement argue that it weakens national sovereignty and allows rich nations to ship domestic jobs overseas where labor is much cheaper. The main advantages of Totalization Agreement are as such, increased free trade between the two nations, increased liquidity of capital allowing investors in developed nations to invest in developing nations, conglomerates are having greater flexibility to operate across borders, global mass media binding the world together, increased flow of communications allowing vital information to be shared between individuals and conglomerates through out the globe, greater facility and speed of transportation for goods and people, reduction of cultural barriers increases the global village effect, spread of democratic ideals to developed nations, greater interdependence of nation-states, reduction of likelihood of war between developed nations , increases in environmental protection in developed nations. Along with the advantages there are also several disadvantages of Totalization Agreement, such as increased flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations as companies look for the cheapest labor, increased probability of economic disturbances in one nation effecting all nations, business influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organizations and average individuals, apprehension that control of world media by a handful of conglomerates will limit cultural expression, greater possibility of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to conserve cultural heritage, greater danger of diseases being transported inadvertently between nations, spread of a materialistic lifestyle and outlooks that sees consumption as the path to affluence, international bodies like the World Trade Organization interfere with national and individual sovereignty, increase in the probabilities of civil war within developing countries and open war betw een developing countries as they compete for resources, decrease in environmental integrity as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulatory rules in developing countries like Mexico. It could well be stated that in this competition organizations are gradually loosing their ethnic values and morals. Today competence of an individual or a corporate is judged by his or her ability to cope up with constant fundamental changes in the organizational structure. All over the world, organizations aligning new products engineering teams around ‘pit crew’ model. Cross functional teams to design, manufacturing sales and service engineer’s work along with the workers, who at some point of time have stake in the product. This ensures manufacturing and sales people having their say all through the design process and building up the manufacturing capability early on that is currant engineering. The goals are simple, such as speed, equality and competitive price. Commodities have become international for most industries and the impact of engineering is significant. In many organizations, the learning curve in engineering has become an unaffordable luxury. Competitive pressures mandate finding ways to reduce the total time required to introduce new products in the market. Competition along with more complex production and distribution environments requires identifying and reducing necessary costs, such as costs associated with development, manufacturing, distribution and service. However, it can be stated that totalization agreement would have a distinct effect on the Trust Funds but it would be a long termed and virtually negligible effect. It has been estimated that the social security of US bears a cost of about $100 million yearly. This has been the trend for the last 5 years. Thus the totalization agreement would enable the workers of both the US and Mexico to enjoy the advantage of cost benefit as the dual taxation would be eradicated. It should be mentioned in this perspective that the cost benefit of US during the year 2002 was around $198 million with Canada alone under the parameters of the totalization agreement. (Lamb, 2004) Thus in the conclusion it could be stated that there are both advantages and disadvantages in coming into a condition of totalization agreement with Mexico. However, when an international agreement is signed there are multiple aspects to be looked after and these are done keeping in mind the mutual benefits of the nations. References: Fletcher, R; (2006); Beliefs and Knowledge: Believing and Knowing; Howard Price King, H; (2006); Social Security Today; HBT Brooks Ltd Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust.

Lift of a Flat Surface in Wind

Lift of a Flat Surface in Wind When working with lift, there are several concepts[AR2]that need to be considered, most prominently Bernoullis Principle. This principle, named for its creator Daniel Bernoulli, states that when an incompressible, smoothly flowing fluid gains speed, internal pressure in the fluid decreases, and vice versa. (Hewitt, 2004) Put simply in terms of aerodynamics, Bernoulli states that when a fluids speed increases, the pressure perpendicular to the flow of the fluid is decreased. For example, the Bernoulli Effect can be clearly observed in terms of a plane in flight. Planes are able to fly [ar3]because their wings are designed to cause air to flow faster over the top than the bottom. This creates lower are pressure above the wing, and the greater pressure below the wing pushes the plane up. This upward pressure is referred to as lift force, or simply lift. (Actforlibraries.org, 2017) [ar4]      Lift is generated by deflecting airflow. By taking Newtons second law of motion (), it can be stated that the aerodynamic forces on a body with 0 drag [ar5]relate directly to the change in momentum of the fluid, which is equal to mass velocity of the fluid. (Hall, 2015) An objects lift capabilities can be measured using the equation: Where =density, =velocity, =surface area and =Coefficient of Lift. (Hodanbosi, 1996) Lift is dependent on velocity, air density, air viscosity/compressibility, the shape of the body and the bodys inclination in relation to the airflow. The velocity variable in the equation is, therefore doubling the velocity will quadruple the lift etc. Additionally, dependence on shape, viscosity/compressibility and inclination is complex; to deal with these they are characterized as a single variable, known as the coefficient of lift. (Hall, 2015) The lift coefficient, used to model the complex dependencies on lift, can be obtained using the equation: Where lift, the dynamic pressure () and surface area. Therefor, expresses the ratio of lift force to dynamic pressure times surface area. (Hall, 2015) It is most often found experimentally, however the values for this experiment have been taken from Aerospaceweb.com. (Jeff, 2003) Also, by using an International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) table, the air density variable for this experiment shall be assumed to be 0.9337kgm3, based on an assumed altitude of approx. 691m above sea level. (Cavcar, N/A) Lift is dependent of several variables, including inclination. The angle between a surface and the airflow is referred to as the angle of attack. The angle of attack has a strong effect on the lift being produced. In terms of an airplane: when an airplane is preparing to take off, it accelerates swiftly to reach the required velocity. However, just before lifting off, the pilot tilts the wings, creating a greater angle of attack and giving the airplane the required lift to leave the ground. In terms of surfaces such as thin aerofoils and roofs, the coefficient of lift is directly proportional to the angle of attack, when the angle is within +/- 10 °. For larger angles, the dependence becomes quite complex and is therefore defined by a coefficient of lift. (Hall, 2015) By using the above lift equation, theoretical equations can be created to assist in the analysis of the outcome of the experiment, for example: Where 3.61ms-1 (calculated using the iOS app Wind Meter), the area of one of the roof pieces and the corresponding coefficient of lift[AR6]. Below are the full results of the theoretical calculations performed for this experiment: Lift Applied to Roofs of Different Areas and Inclinations 0.0025m2 0.01 m2 0.015265 m2 0.0225 m2 0 ° 0.015N 0.061N 0.093N 0.137N 15 ° 0.011N 0.043N 0.065N 0.096N 30 ° 0.013N 0.052N 0.079N 0.116N 45 ° 0.016N 0.064N 0.098N 0.144N 60 ° 0.013N 0.052N 0.079N 0.116N Table 1 (created using[JB7] MS Excel)   Ã‚   Graph 1 (created using MS Excel) Based on these calculations, it can be assumed that the lift force will always peak at around 45 °, reach the minimum around 15 ° and follow an identical pattern for each roof size[AR8]. Based on the above background research, a hypothesis can be formulated regarding the factors affecting lift force. It can be hypothesized that: The lift applied to a surface in wind is dependent on its surface area and angle relative to the airflow. This relationship peaks towards larger angles and surface areas.[AR9] An electronic balance was set up on a workbench and turned on, ensuring the units were set to grams. An electronic balanced was utilised for this experiment because lift, as a force, can be recorded by measuring how much mass is being lifted away from the balance (in negatives) and converting this into Newtons. The fan was placed approximately 0.3m away from the electronic balance, adjusted to direct the airflow directly above the balance. The base piece of cardboard, measuring 0.1m by 0.15m (10cm2 by 15cm2), was attached to the balance with electrical tape, ensuring the edge (not the flat side) was directed at the fan. The first roof piece (measuring 0.0025m2, or 25cm2) was attached to the base piece, then the balance was TARED. The fan was turned on, set at speed 1. Three results were recorded from the balance[AR10] before the fan was turned off. The roof piece was removed, the first angled piece (at 15 °) attached the roof piece re-fixed. The balance was again TARED and the fan was then turned back on, three results recorded and turned off again. This process was repeated for every roof piece (measuring 0.0025m2/25cm2, 0.01m2/100cm2, 0.015265m2/156.25cm2 and 0.0225m2[AR11]/225cm2) fixed to every angled piece (at 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 ° and 0 °). An average was later taken of each group of results, and these averages were graphed in Excel for further in-depth analysis. There were several variables involved with this experiment. The independent variables were the wind speed (which was controlled by using of the same fan), the roof area and the roof angle, and the dependent variable was the lift. The controlled variables included the use of the same[AR12] electronic balance, roof, angle and base pieces and the same speed setting on the fan, the position of the fan/airflow, the position of the scales and the position of the base piece and, by extension the roof structures.[AR13] These variables were controlled to ensure that all results are viable and in agreement. In order to maintain safety in this experiment, the following procedures were implemented: Safety glasses were worn, the electronic equipment was kept away from water, the guard around the blades was not touched while the fan was running, the cardboard was handled carefully so as not to cause paper cuts and, likewise, when the cardboard pieces were cut out the scissors were handled with care.[AR14] Lift Applied to Roofs of Different Areas and Inclinations 0.0025 m2 0.01 m2 0.015265 m2 0.0225 m2 0 ° 0.056N 0.175N 0.250N 0.287N 15 ° 0.075N 0.186N 0.259N 0.242N 30 ° 0.103N 0.159N 0.159N -0.640N 45 ° 0.111N -0.556N -0.620N -0.770N 60 ° 0.056N -0.631N -0.715N -0.787N Table 2 (created using MS Excel) Overall, the results of this experiment are plausible [AR16]at best. When comparing the empirical data to the theoretical data listed above, there are very few similarities and patterns. However, on close examination of the results there are several small connections. For example, even though each set of points has a different pattern, most of these patterns are similar in shape, and each set peaks at or before 45 °. However, from here the theoretical and empirical are completely different. A likely reason for the dramatic differences between the two sets of results is the conditions under which the experiment was performed. Despite the actions taken, there were still a number of uncontrollable variables that may have affected the outcomes recorded. For example, the air-conditioning unit operating on the roof may have disrupted the airflow, resulting in a less continuous stream and thus a more unpredictable amount of lift. Similarly, the fan used in the experiment may not have provided a strong enough direct flow of air to the structure, also causing anomalous results[AR17]. However, despite the obvious anomalies in results, the experiment still manages to examine the relationship between angle of attack, surface area and lift force. For three of the four data sets (excluding 0.0025m2) the graphs follow a very similar pattern, indicating that the results are accurate in terms of the relationship, not the actual data observed. In addition, all data sets drop off after they reach 45 °, showing that, just as observed in the theoretical results, lift force reaches its peak at around 45 ° inclination into the wind. The most likely reason for this is that past this inclination the structure presents a greater amount of its surface into the wind, allowing it to be pushed down. This phenomenon creates the positive mass results seen in the table above. This was not accounted for in the theoretical equations, which may have caused some of the anomalous results stated above[AR18]. Another prominent difference between empirical and theoretical results is the distinct differences between lift values in the theoretical data. These data sets remain at a fixed distance apart for the entire graph, directly opposed to the empirical data points which for the most part are plotted very close together. This illustrates a lower difference in lift force between different surface areas, however these results are likely due to the unstable nature of the structure used in the experiment. [AR19]Particularly in terms of the larger roof pieces, the structure became more unsteady, possibly resulting in the lower lift force recorded above. In terms of the patterns observed in the empirical data, the larger roof sizes do produce more lift, however past their peak they also create more downward force. While the smallest size does generate the greatest lift, the three larger sizes do produce an increasing amount of lift, in comparison with each other. As mentioned previously, the structure used in the experiment, particularly with the larger roof piece attached, was very unstable. [AR20]This is a likely reason for the outlying point for the area of 0.0225m2 at an inclination of 30 °. This surface area is the largest used, and it was very unstable atop the base piece, often sliding to the side and not remaining square with the base. Most likely, this instability is what has caused such an obvious anomaly, as the roof piece sliding may have exposed a larger surface area to the airflow, thus created more downward force and less upward lift. Therefore, with the above considerations it mind, and despite the severe anomalies between theoretical and empirical data, the hypothesis of: The lift applied to a surface in wind is dependent on its surface area and angle relative to the airflow. This relationship peaks towards larger angles and surface areas. Is supported by this experiment.[AR21] When performing an experiment, there are always a multitude of variables that affect the outcome, and a variety of ways in which the processes can be improved upon to achieve a better result. For example, in this experiment an ordinary household fan was used to generate the required airflow. Such a device is designed to provide air to an entire room, not to provide a direct flow of air such as is required to make this experiment a success. To make the experiment more successful, a more direct airflow should be utilised, possibly by making use of a wind tunnel, or even a hair dryer[AR22]. Similarly, the electronic balance used to take measurements was only a small, relatively simple piece of equipment. Also, as previously mentioned, the air-conditioning unit in the room was likely disrupting the already-unsteady airflow. This, along with the experiments position next to the doorway and the other people in the room, may have been the cause of the discrepant results, which often differed by up to 0.0015kg. To solve this, the experiment could be re-conducted in a controlled environment with nothing affecting the more direct airflow. Additionally, a more accurate electronic balance could be used[AR23]. A more accurate balance would a piece of equipment connected to a computer that records all results for each set of tests and identifies an accurate average. The most prominent issue with the experiment was the results created by the electronic balance. The results were greatly varied, as stated above, suggesting that there were several uncontrolled variables at play, affecting the data. There are several methods that could be employed to rectify this, including those already mentioned. Performing the experiment in an isolated area where all variables can be controlled so nothing can interfere with the results is the most likely way to generate more accurate results. This, coupled with the use of a more stable structure (i.e. made from a sturdier material and fixed for effectively), a more accurate airflow and more sophisticated measuring technologies, is the best course to re-perform the experiment and give more viable results. References   Actforlibraries.org, 2017. Bernoullis Principle of Lift. [Online] Available at: http://www.actforlibraries.org/bernoullis-principle-of-lift-4/[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Aerodynamics for Students, 2016. Lift and Lift Coefficient. [Online] Available at: http://s6.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/aerodynamics/index.php/sample-page/aircraft-performance/lift-and-lift-coefficient/[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Benson, T., 2014. Lift Formula. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/WindTunnel/Activities/lift_formula.html[Accessed 09 March 2017]. Cavcar, M., N/A. The International Standard Atmosphere. [Online] Available at: http://home.anadolu.edu.tr/~mcavcar/common/ISAweb.pdf[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Hall, N., 2015. Inclination Effects on Lift. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/incline.html[Accessed 19 March 2017]. Hall, N., 2015. Lift Equation. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/vel.html[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Hall, N., 2015. The Lift Coefficient. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/liftco.html[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Hall, N., 2015. Velocity Effects on Aerodynamic Forces. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/vel.html[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Hewitt, P. G., 2004. Bernoullis Principle. [Online] Available at: http://www.nsta.org/publications/news/story.aspx?id=49598[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Hodanbosi, C., 1996. Lift Formula. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/WindTunnel/Activities/lift_formula.html[Accessed 02 March 2017]. HyperPhysics, N/A. Bernoulli Equation. [Online] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pber.html[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Jeff, S., 2003. Airfoils at High Angles of Attack. [Online] Available at: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/airfoils/q0150b.shtml[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Physics Forum, 2011. Fluid mechanics; Lift Force on a Roof; Bernoullis Equation. [Online] Available at: https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/fluid-mechanics-lift-force-on-a-roof-bernoullis-equation.533145/[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Scott, J., 2003. Airfoils at High Angle of Attack. [Online] Available at: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/airfoils/q0150b.shtml[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Scott, J., 2003. Lift Coefficient Thin Airfoil Theory. [Online] Available at: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/q0136.shtml[Accessed 04 March 2017].   

Lumumba: Race and Revolution :: essays papers

Lumumba: Race and Revolution In the French film entitled Lumumba, director Raoul Peck recreates the revolutionary struggle of Patrice Lumumba, the newly elected Prime Minister of The Congolese Republic. In the movie, we do not see much of the independence struggle against the Belgian government, but we begin to see the reconstruction of the African state in African hands. While no one ever claimed that decolonization was easy, maybe this particular example can best be explained by Fanon’s simplified little quip â€Å"decolonization is always a violent phenomenon. † In this paper, I will seek to locate where this post-colonial violence is located in discourses regarding race, class and gender. Particularly, I will look at the representations of race and class, and the lack of the representation of gender, in order to draw conclusions about the nature of representation and the effects this has on anti-colonial film. Locating the violence within the anti-colonial struggle may be harder than it seems. One can easily note the physical and sexual violence brought upon the people (black and white) of Congo after independence, but we must locate the other forms of violence in order to bring the entire story of Patrice Lumumba to light. The director’s attempt at bringing the story of Patrice Lumumba to the â€Å"silver screen† had political intentions. It had intentions of breaking post-colonial hegemonic forces that portrayed Lumumba as a nationalist dictator. In regards to race and class in Congo, I will refer to the work of Franz Fanon, in particular his book entitled The Wretched of the Earth. In this book Fanon develops a theory of â€Å"dual citizenship† required by the colonizers in order to validate the colonization process. We have to view the movie Lumumba as being part of the anti-colonial discourse in the history of the Congo but also as a historical fiction produced in 21st century France. In viewing this movie, we must locate race and class and the intersection between the two, as this is constantly the case in post-colonial states. We must also understand the exclusion of gender from revolutionary discourses as being part of patriarchy that is not challenged in certain revolutions. The exclusion of gender equality from what Lumumba struggled for is where there is a certain patriarchy, and this kind of patriarchy is evident in almost all revolutionary anti-colonial writing.

Feminist Readings of Weltys The Golden Apples :: Endora Welty The Golden Apples

Feminist Readings of Welty's The Golden Apples Jennifer Thomas writes in her article about a study of short fiction done by Carol Ann Johnston. The study targets feminist readings of Welty's writings and focuses primarily on female characters of her works. When discussing The Golden Apples, Thomas determines it was the 'tour de force', or exceptional achievement, in Johnston's study of Welty's collections. In Johnston's study she writes of the 'self-realized women' of The Golden Apples, using character Virgie Rainey as her example. The critical article contends that in Johnston's study, her selection of contemporary critics Daniale Pitavy-Souques and Patricia Yaeger are excellent choices to include since they had recently assessed Welty within currents of modernism and feminism. She then goes on to critique Johnston for oversimplification of the terms of the stories she is analyzing by citing an example from "June Recital": An angry old man flaps open his bathrobe, exposing himself to young girls taking their piano lessons in "June Recital," a display that provides, according to Johnston "a blatant show of phallic strength, [as] he attempts to silence the female voice."In the context of the story, however, the narrator freely voices her estimate of this "old turkey gobbler" and suggests he poses no such potent threat. Some of Johnston's most convincing readings concern Welty's identification with her characters, refuting the assumption that the heroine is the author's stand-in. By keeping her eye on the writer of "June Recital," Johnston astutely reminds us: "Welty identifies with Miss Eckhart, but she writes Virgie's story. (Thomas) I strongly agree with Johnston's statement that Welty has identification to her characters, whether intentional or not. She notes that although she believes Welty identifies with Miss Eckhart in "June Recital", she writes the story for Virgie. Consistently in her stories in The Golden Apples, she writes of sheltered individuals within a close community. Johnston addresses only the identification Welty has to her characters, instead of digging deeper into relational issues. I find it fascinating that in The Golden Apples, Welty paints a picture of Miss Eckhart's life as being ideal, free to follow her own passion and art, which in Miss Eckhart's case was her piano teaching, or in Welty's life, her photography and even her writing. And at the same time, Miss Eckhart has failed relationships and an overall lonely sense about her.

Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reaction

Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction March 20,2013 Amber McCollum Introduction Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the quantitative relationships that exist among the reactants and products in chemical reactions To predict the amount of product produced in a precipitation reaction using stoichiometry, accurately measure the reactants and products of the reaction, determine the actual yield vs. the theoretical yield and to calculate the percent yield. The equation that will be used is: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) > BaSO4 (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) Method 1. Gather materials needed for experiment which included: a.Small test tube with lip b. Large beaker c. Small graduated cylinder d. Large graduated cylinder e. One 9in balloon f. Citric acid g. Sodium bicarbonate h. Sodium chloride 2. To start the experiment: * Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2. 2H2O(aq) a CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O * Put on your goggles. * Weigh out 1. 0 g of CaCl2Â ·2H2O and put it into the 100-mL beaker. Add 25 mL of distilled water and stir to form the calcium chloride solution. Use only distilled water since tap water may have impurities that interfere with the experiment.. Use stoichiometry to determine how much Na2CO3 you will need for a full reaction. Weigh the calculated amount of Na2CO3 and put it in a small paper cup. Add 25 mL of distilled water and stir to make a sodium carbonate solution. * Pour the sodium carbonate solution from the paper cup into the beaker with the calcium chloride solution. A precipitate of calcium carbonate will form instantly. * Use the following instructions to set up a filtration assembly. * Swirl the contents of the beaker to dislodge any precipitate from the sides. Then, while holding the filter paper in place and open, slowly pour the content of the beaker into the filter paperlined funnel.Be careful to not let the solution overflow the level of the filter paper while pouring. * Measure out 2 to 5 mL of distilled water into the graduated cylinder. Pou r this down the sides of the beaker, swirl, and pour into the filter paper-lined funnel. * After all the liquid has drained from the funnel, lay the filter paper containing the precipitate on folded layers of paper towels and put this someplace where it will not be disturbed while the filter paper and its contents air-dry. Depending upon the humidity in your area this might take several hours or days. When the filter paper and the precipitated calcium carbonate are completely dry weigh them, subtract the original weight of the empty filter paper, and record the net weight of the calcium carbonate. This is your actual yield of calcium carbonate. * Now calculate the percent yield, using your theoretical yield and actual yield. Make sure to show all stoichiometric calculations and all data in your lab report. Calculations Step 1: Convert 2 g of Ba(NO3)2 to moles of Ba(NO3)2 2 g Ba(NO3)2 x 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 = 0. 00765 moles Ba(NO3)2 261. 4 g Ba(NO3)2 Step 2: Consider the mole ratios of Ba( NO3)2 and CuSO4.The equation tells us that for 1 mole of Ba(NO3)2 we need 1 mole of CuSO4. Thus, since the mole ratio is 1:1, if we have 0. 00765 moles of Ba(NO3)2 we will need 0. 00765 moles of CuSO4. Step 3: Convert moles of CuSO4 to grams of CuSO4. 0. 00765 moles CuSO4 x 159. 6 g CuSO4 = 1. 22 g CuSO4 1 mole CuSO4 This means that we need 1. 22 g of CuSO4 to fully react with 2 g of Ba(NO3)2. Step 4: How much BaSO4 can we expect? The mole ratio between Ba(NO3)2 and BaSO4(s) is also 1:1. That means if we have 0. 00765 moles of Ba(NO3)2 we will also get 0. 00765 moles of BaSO4(s).Step 5: Convert the moles of BaSO4 to grams of BaSO4. 0. 00765 moles BaSO4 x 233. 4 g BaSO4 = 1. 79 g BaSO4 1mole BaSO4 Step 6: Double check our results by calculating the amount of Cu(NO3)2 (aq). We don’t really need to know the amount of Cu(NO3)2 (aq) for the experiment, but it helps us double check our other results. Since we know that the total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of produc ts, we compute: 0. 00765 moles Cu(NO3)2 x 187. 55 g Cu(NO3)2 = 1. 43 g Cu(NO3)2 1 mole Cu(NO3)2 Thus, 2 g Ba(NO3)2 plus 1. 22 grams CuSO4, yields 1. 79 g BaSO4. plus 1. 43 g Cu(NO3)2.We can verify our results by comparing the total mass of reactants, 3. 22 g, with the total mass of products, also 3. 22 g. This tells us that all our calculations are correct and we can confidently use them. Step 7: Calculate the theoretical yield. From previous calculations we know that we started with 2 grams of Ba(NO3)2, and need 1. 22 grams of CuSO4 to complete the reaction from which we can expect a yield of 1. 79 grams of BaSO4. Yet this is only a theoretical yield, for we should realistically expect a little less due to expected experimental error such as some BaSO4 being lost as it passed through the filter paper.Step 8: Determine the actual yield and percent yield. After the reaction is completed and the precipitate has formed, we need to filter and dry the precipitate before we can weigh it. If we assume that after drying we have 1. 65 grams of BaSO4, then: The theoretical yield is 1. 79 grams of BaSO4. The actual yield is 1. 65 grams of BaSO4. The percent yield is 1. 65 g/ 1. 79 g x 100 = 92. 2%. Conclusion After the testing each known and unknown of the experiment, finding the ratio of the substances wasn’t very hard. The percentage of the unknown was 85. 8 %.