Capital Appraisal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Capital Appraisal - Research Paper Example Total Cost 14,000,000 22,400,000 28,000,000 19,600,000 9,800,000 Gross Profit (Rev-cost) 10,000,000 8,400,000 11,600,000 6,800,000 200,000 Less: Depreciation Expense (1,600,000) (1,600,000) (1,600,000) (1,600,000) (1,600,000) Net Profit/Net Loss 8,400,000 6,800,000 10,000,000 52,000,000 (1,400,000) Calculation of Cash Flow Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Net Income/Net Loss 8,400,000 6,800,000 10,000,000 52,000,000 (1,400,000) Add: Depreciation expense 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 Cash Flow 10,000,000 8,400,000 11,600,000 6,800,000 200,000 Present Value of Future Cash flows Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Interest factor 0.621 0.683 0.751 0.826 0.909 Cash Flow 10,000,000 8,400,000 11,600,000 6,800,000 200,000 Present Value 6,210,000 5,737,200 8,711,600 5,616,800 181,800 Present Value of Terminal Cash Flow $ Present Value Interest factor 0.621 Salvage Value + Working Capital 4,000,000 Present Value of Terminal Cash Flow 2,484,000 Calculation of Net Present Value $ Present Value of Cash Flows 26,457,400 Present Value of Terminal Cash Flow 2,484,000 Total Cash Flow 28,941,400 Less: Initial Investment (17,050,000) Net Present Value 11,891,400 Option 2 Initial Investment (Cash Outflow) $ Research & Development Expenditure 5,000,000 Since the manufacturing and marketing has been outsourced by Newton to another company Faraday Electricals Ltd, Newton does not have to bear any fixed or variable costs. Calculation of Income Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Royalty Payment (No. of Units) 880,000 1,540,000 1,980,000 1,320,000 550,000 x Royalty Payment/unit 5 5 5 5 5 Total Income 4,400,000 7,700,000 9,900,000 6,600,000 2,750,000 The income is the cash flow that will be discounted at the present value factors as... 1. Newton has three options with respect to the operation of the business. The first option is to manufacture market and sell the products itself; the second option is to outsource the entire manufacturing and marketing of the products to another company Faraday Electricals Ltd and receive royalty payments and the third option is to sell the patent rights to Faraday Electricals Ltd and receive the money from it. 2. There are many factors that should be taken into account besides the calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) before making a decision. If the payback period is calculated for option 1, it is 1.83 years which means that the initial investment is recovered in less than 2 years. Payback period for option 2 is 2.5 years and payback period for option 3 is 2.42 years. The payback period suggests that Newton should consider option 1 as it has the lowest payback period. However, payback period has its flaws which make it a less reliable method in making decisions. Firstly the payback method ignores all the cash flows that are generated after the payback period and secondly it gives equal weights to all the cash flows before the payback period despite the fact that the more distant cash flows are less valuable. IRR for option 1 is 42%, IRR for option 2 is 25% and IRR for option 3 is 26%.

The Origins of Slavery on English Mainland North America Essay

The Origins of Slavery on English Mainland North America - Essay Example However, this also suggests that slavery was an important institution within the colonies long before the need for outside support was necessary. â€Å"Unquestionably it was a demand for labor which dragged the Negro to American shores, but the status which he acquired here cannot be explained by reference to that economic motive. Long before black labor was as economically important as unfree white labor, the Negro had been consigned to a special discriminatory status which mirrored the social discrimination Englishmen practiced against him† (Degler, 1959: 62). Investigating the reasons why slavery became such an ingrained element within the North American continental society reveals a deep discrimination combined with a complicated philosophy toward already established social institution led to the development of slavery as it was practiced, regardless of when it appeared in colonial statues. With the introduction of people of darker skin, white man developed a quick and deep discrimination against these people who lived primitive lives and knew nothing of the higher orders of thinking involved in science and technology. While the English who settled the North American shores did not have a tradition of slavery within their culture, they were aware of the idea of slavery that was practiced in Spain and Portugal. â€Å"As early as 1623, a voyager’s book published in London indicated that Englishmen knew of the Negro as a slave in the South American colonies of Spain. The book told of the trade in ‘blacke people’ who were ‘sold unto the Spaniard for him to carry into the West Indies, to remaine as slaves, either in their Mines or in any other servile uses, they in those countries put them to’† (Degler, 1959: 53). This knowledge regarding the construction of slavery suggested lifetime servitude of the dark peoples rather than

U.S. Totalization Agreement With Mexico Essay Example for Free

U.S. Totalization Agreement With Mexico Essay The focal point of this paper is to analyze the Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico. It should be noted that the aspects of this analysis is not fundamentally policy analysis but it intended towards presenting arguments from the point of view of analytical framework. In this paper there would not be any bias or opinion presented rather a comparison would be presented in terms of arguments for and against the issue. It should be stated that in the context of globalization the Totalization Agreement is a very important aspect for the US. Totalization Agreement has the tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets. Globalization better said is the shift in the direction of a more incorporated and interdependent World economy. Globalization has had the effect of markedly increasing not only international trade, but also cultural exchange. some intellectual define globalization as convergence of prototypes of manufacture and expenditure and a consequential homogenization of customs, while others strain that globalization has the prospective to take countless miscellaneous appearances. In economics, a wide description is that globalization is the union of prices, wages, products, profits and rates of interest in synchronization with developed nation norms. Globalization of the financial system depends on the position of international business, human migration, incorporation of pecuniary markets, and mobility of capital. The International Monetary Fund observes the increasing financial interdependence of countries all over the world through rising quantity and multiplicity of cross-border dealings, gratis international capital flow, and comparatively faster and extensive dissemination of technology. In contemporary economic scenario the prevailing trend is expansion in the global market. Global market expansion is nothing but a concept of serving customers beyond the limits of domestic market and in economic scenario considered a key growth strategy. Global market expansion is a business reality that every company encounters at some point in its evolution. Under such circumstances every business venture must balance risk with rewards, the risks when expanding internationally can be less predictable and in the same way the rewards can be more elusive. The companies, which are looking for sustainable ways to grow and diversify their revenue streams, consider global expansion as a strategic option. There are several factors behind the trend toward expansion in the global market. Companies require a global presence. For both offensive and defensive causes, companies cannot overlook opportunities outside their home markets. A company’s requirement for a global presence arises from two factors, their capability of leveraging domestic relationships outside their country and a requirement from domestic customers to support the company’s products internationally. A global expansion allows companies to replicate successful domestic strategies in international markets, potentially in markets with lower competitive intensity. Additionally Global market expansion provide the companies large untapped markets, advantages of low labor costs, savings of shipping costs, speed and efficiency of delivery system, etc. These factors make the Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico more important. (Fletcher, 2006) The Totalization Agreement between the US and Mexico could be better understood in the light of the history behind it. For more than thirty years US has been establishing agreements relating to social agreement internationally keeping in mind that these agreements should coordinate with the program by the Social Security of the US. These agreements based on the aspects of programs related to Social Security of the US are cumulatively pronounced as totalization agreements. Under these agreements there are certain advantages. However, from the point of view of the US these advantages can broadly be divided into two parts. The first objective is to eradicate double taxation for workers employed in foreign nations. Without the agreement an individual would have to pay two times as tax on the earnings. The current report suggests that the benefit of Totalization Agreement between the US and other countries has help US workers working abroad at lot. The cumulative savings are estimated at $800 million per year. The second objective of Totalization Agreement between the US and other countries is to provide an individual who is part timer as a worker in either in the US or the foreign country the proportional tax benefit that is so important for the worker. In this context the agreement between US and Mexico becomes very important in the context of financial benefits. It has been estimated that once the agreement of Totalization is signed between the US and Mexico the workers from the United States in Mexico would be able to save about an estimated $140 million. These savings would be made in the parameters of Mexican taxes relating to health insurance and social security measures. However, it should be mentioned that this estimation is calculated on the basis of a 5 year term of computation. Again, in the perspective of humane benefit it would immensely help the workers who have been working in Mexico for a shorter period of time in both US and Mexico as because this agreement would help them to receive the benefits. (King, 2006) It could well be stated that Mexico is a prominent partner of the US in terms of trading. In fact it is the second largest after Canada. This way it becomes important for the US to indulge in Totalization Agreement with Mexico. As it is Mexico is already under the Totalization Agreement with Canada making it mutually beneficial for both countries. The advantages and disadvantages of Totalization Agreement with Mexico have been heavily scrutinized and debated in recent years. Proponents of Totalization Agreement with Mexico say that it helps developing economies catch up to highly developed industrialized economies much faster through increased employment and technological advances. Critics of Totalization Agreement argue that it weakens national sovereignty and allows rich nations to ship domestic jobs overseas where labor is much cheaper. The main advantages of Totalization Agreement are as such, increased free trade between the two nations, increased liquidity of capital allowing investors in developed nations to invest in developing nations, conglomerates are having greater flexibility to operate across borders, global mass media binding the world together, increased flow of communications allowing vital information to be shared between individuals and conglomerates through out the globe, greater facility and speed of transportation for goods and people, reduction of cultural barriers increases the global village effect, spread of democratic ideals to developed nations, greater interdependence of nation-states, reduction of likelihood of war between developed nations , increases in environmental protection in developed nations. Along with the advantages there are also several disadvantages of Totalization Agreement, such as increased flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations as companies look for the cheapest labor, increased probability of economic disturbances in one nation effecting all nations, business influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organizations and average individuals, apprehension that control of world media by a handful of conglomerates will limit cultural expression, greater possibility of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to conserve cultural heritage, greater danger of diseases being transported inadvertently between nations, spread of a materialistic lifestyle and outlooks that sees consumption as the path to affluence, international bodies like the World Trade Organization interfere with national and individual sovereignty, increase in the probabilities of civil war within developing countries and open war betw een developing countries as they compete for resources, decrease in environmental integrity as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulatory rules in developing countries like Mexico. It could well be stated that in this competition organizations are gradually loosing their ethnic values and morals. Today competence of an individual or a corporate is judged by his or her ability to cope up with constant fundamental changes in the organizational structure. All over the world, organizations aligning new products engineering teams around ‘pit crew’ model. Cross functional teams to design, manufacturing sales and service engineer’s work along with the workers, who at some point of time have stake in the product. This ensures manufacturing and sales people having their say all through the design process and building up the manufacturing capability early on that is currant engineering. The goals are simple, such as speed, equality and competitive price. Commodities have become international for most industries and the impact of engineering is significant. In many organizations, the learning curve in engineering has become an unaffordable luxury. Competitive pressures mandate finding ways to reduce the total time required to introduce new products in the market. Competition along with more complex production and distribution environments requires identifying and reducing necessary costs, such as costs associated with development, manufacturing, distribution and service. However, it can be stated that totalization agreement would have a distinct effect on the Trust Funds but it would be a long termed and virtually negligible effect. It has been estimated that the social security of US bears a cost of about $100 million yearly. This has been the trend for the last 5 years. Thus the totalization agreement would enable the workers of both the US and Mexico to enjoy the advantage of cost benefit as the dual taxation would be eradicated. It should be mentioned in this perspective that the cost benefit of US during the year 2002 was around $198 million with Canada alone under the parameters of the totalization agreement. (Lamb, 2004) Thus in the conclusion it could be stated that there are both advantages and disadvantages in coming into a condition of totalization agreement with Mexico. However, when an international agreement is signed there are multiple aspects to be looked after and these are done keeping in mind the mutual benefits of the nations. References: Fletcher, R; (2006); Beliefs and Knowledge: Believing and Knowing; Howard Price King, H; (2006); Social Security Today; HBT Brooks Ltd Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust.

Lift of a Flat Surface in Wind

Lift of a Flat Surface in Wind When working with lift, there are several concepts[AR2]that need to be considered, most prominently Bernoullis Principle. This principle, named for its creator Daniel Bernoulli, states that when an incompressible, smoothly flowing fluid gains speed, internal pressure in the fluid decreases, and vice versa. (Hewitt, 2004) Put simply in terms of aerodynamics, Bernoulli states that when a fluids speed increases, the pressure perpendicular to the flow of the fluid is decreased. For example, the Bernoulli Effect can be clearly observed in terms of a plane in flight. Planes are able to fly [ar3]because their wings are designed to cause air to flow faster over the top than the bottom. This creates lower are pressure above the wing, and the greater pressure below the wing pushes the plane up. This upward pressure is referred to as lift force, or simply lift. (Actforlibraries.org, 2017) [ar4]      Lift is generated by deflecting airflow. By taking Newtons second law of motion (), it can be stated that the aerodynamic forces on a body with 0 drag [ar5]relate directly to the change in momentum of the fluid, which is equal to mass velocity of the fluid. (Hall, 2015) An objects lift capabilities can be measured using the equation: Where =density, =velocity, =surface area and =Coefficient of Lift. (Hodanbosi, 1996) Lift is dependent on velocity, air density, air viscosity/compressibility, the shape of the body and the bodys inclination in relation to the airflow. The velocity variable in the equation is, therefore doubling the velocity will quadruple the lift etc. Additionally, dependence on shape, viscosity/compressibility and inclination is complex; to deal with these they are characterized as a single variable, known as the coefficient of lift. (Hall, 2015) The lift coefficient, used to model the complex dependencies on lift, can be obtained using the equation: Where lift, the dynamic pressure () and surface area. Therefor, expresses the ratio of lift force to dynamic pressure times surface area. (Hall, 2015) It is most often found experimentally, however the values for this experiment have been taken from Aerospaceweb.com. (Jeff, 2003) Also, by using an International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) table, the air density variable for this experiment shall be assumed to be 0.9337kgm3, based on an assumed altitude of approx. 691m above sea level. (Cavcar, N/A) Lift is dependent of several variables, including inclination. The angle between a surface and the airflow is referred to as the angle of attack. The angle of attack has a strong effect on the lift being produced. In terms of an airplane: when an airplane is preparing to take off, it accelerates swiftly to reach the required velocity. However, just before lifting off, the pilot tilts the wings, creating a greater angle of attack and giving the airplane the required lift to leave the ground. In terms of surfaces such as thin aerofoils and roofs, the coefficient of lift is directly proportional to the angle of attack, when the angle is within +/- 10 °. For larger angles, the dependence becomes quite complex and is therefore defined by a coefficient of lift. (Hall, 2015) By using the above lift equation, theoretical equations can be created to assist in the analysis of the outcome of the experiment, for example: Where 3.61ms-1 (calculated using the iOS app Wind Meter), the area of one of the roof pieces and the corresponding coefficient of lift[AR6]. Below are the full results of the theoretical calculations performed for this experiment: Lift Applied to Roofs of Different Areas and Inclinations 0.0025m2 0.01 m2 0.015265 m2 0.0225 m2 0 ° 0.015N 0.061N 0.093N 0.137N 15 ° 0.011N 0.043N 0.065N 0.096N 30 ° 0.013N 0.052N 0.079N 0.116N 45 ° 0.016N 0.064N 0.098N 0.144N 60 ° 0.013N 0.052N 0.079N 0.116N Table 1 (created using[JB7] MS Excel)   Ã‚   Graph 1 (created using MS Excel) Based on these calculations, it can be assumed that the lift force will always peak at around 45 °, reach the minimum around 15 ° and follow an identical pattern for each roof size[AR8]. Based on the above background research, a hypothesis can be formulated regarding the factors affecting lift force. It can be hypothesized that: The lift applied to a surface in wind is dependent on its surface area and angle relative to the airflow. This relationship peaks towards larger angles and surface areas.[AR9] An electronic balance was set up on a workbench and turned on, ensuring the units were set to grams. An electronic balanced was utilised for this experiment because lift, as a force, can be recorded by measuring how much mass is being lifted away from the balance (in negatives) and converting this into Newtons. The fan was placed approximately 0.3m away from the electronic balance, adjusted to direct the airflow directly above the balance. The base piece of cardboard, measuring 0.1m by 0.15m (10cm2 by 15cm2), was attached to the balance with electrical tape, ensuring the edge (not the flat side) was directed at the fan. The first roof piece (measuring 0.0025m2, or 25cm2) was attached to the base piece, then the balance was TARED. The fan was turned on, set at speed 1. Three results were recorded from the balance[AR10] before the fan was turned off. The roof piece was removed, the first angled piece (at 15 °) attached the roof piece re-fixed. The balance was again TARED and the fan was then turned back on, three results recorded and turned off again. This process was repeated for every roof piece (measuring 0.0025m2/25cm2, 0.01m2/100cm2, 0.015265m2/156.25cm2 and 0.0225m2[AR11]/225cm2) fixed to every angled piece (at 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 ° and 0 °). An average was later taken of each group of results, and these averages were graphed in Excel for further in-depth analysis. There were several variables involved with this experiment. The independent variables were the wind speed (which was controlled by using of the same fan), the roof area and the roof angle, and the dependent variable was the lift. The controlled variables included the use of the same[AR12] electronic balance, roof, angle and base pieces and the same speed setting on the fan, the position of the fan/airflow, the position of the scales and the position of the base piece and, by extension the roof structures.[AR13] These variables were controlled to ensure that all results are viable and in agreement. In order to maintain safety in this experiment, the following procedures were implemented: Safety glasses were worn, the electronic equipment was kept away from water, the guard around the blades was not touched while the fan was running, the cardboard was handled carefully so as not to cause paper cuts and, likewise, when the cardboard pieces were cut out the scissors were handled with care.[AR14] Lift Applied to Roofs of Different Areas and Inclinations 0.0025 m2 0.01 m2 0.015265 m2 0.0225 m2 0 ° 0.056N 0.175N 0.250N 0.287N 15 ° 0.075N 0.186N 0.259N 0.242N 30 ° 0.103N 0.159N 0.159N -0.640N 45 ° 0.111N -0.556N -0.620N -0.770N 60 ° 0.056N -0.631N -0.715N -0.787N Table 2 (created using MS Excel) Overall, the results of this experiment are plausible [AR16]at best. When comparing the empirical data to the theoretical data listed above, there are very few similarities and patterns. However, on close examination of the results there are several small connections. For example, even though each set of points has a different pattern, most of these patterns are similar in shape, and each set peaks at or before 45 °. However, from here the theoretical and empirical are completely different. A likely reason for the dramatic differences between the two sets of results is the conditions under which the experiment was performed. Despite the actions taken, there were still a number of uncontrollable variables that may have affected the outcomes recorded. For example, the air-conditioning unit operating on the roof may have disrupted the airflow, resulting in a less continuous stream and thus a more unpredictable amount of lift. Similarly, the fan used in the experiment may not have provided a strong enough direct flow of air to the structure, also causing anomalous results[AR17]. However, despite the obvious anomalies in results, the experiment still manages to examine the relationship between angle of attack, surface area and lift force. For three of the four data sets (excluding 0.0025m2) the graphs follow a very similar pattern, indicating that the results are accurate in terms of the relationship, not the actual data observed. In addition, all data sets drop off after they reach 45 °, showing that, just as observed in the theoretical results, lift force reaches its peak at around 45 ° inclination into the wind. The most likely reason for this is that past this inclination the structure presents a greater amount of its surface into the wind, allowing it to be pushed down. This phenomenon creates the positive mass results seen in the table above. This was not accounted for in the theoretical equations, which may have caused some of the anomalous results stated above[AR18]. Another prominent difference between empirical and theoretical results is the distinct differences between lift values in the theoretical data. These data sets remain at a fixed distance apart for the entire graph, directly opposed to the empirical data points which for the most part are plotted very close together. This illustrates a lower difference in lift force between different surface areas, however these results are likely due to the unstable nature of the structure used in the experiment. [AR19]Particularly in terms of the larger roof pieces, the structure became more unsteady, possibly resulting in the lower lift force recorded above. In terms of the patterns observed in the empirical data, the larger roof sizes do produce more lift, however past their peak they also create more downward force. While the smallest size does generate the greatest lift, the three larger sizes do produce an increasing amount of lift, in comparison with each other. As mentioned previously, the structure used in the experiment, particularly with the larger roof piece attached, was very unstable. [AR20]This is a likely reason for the outlying point for the area of 0.0225m2 at an inclination of 30 °. This surface area is the largest used, and it was very unstable atop the base piece, often sliding to the side and not remaining square with the base. Most likely, this instability is what has caused such an obvious anomaly, as the roof piece sliding may have exposed a larger surface area to the airflow, thus created more downward force and less upward lift. Therefore, with the above considerations it mind, and despite the severe anomalies between theoretical and empirical data, the hypothesis of: The lift applied to a surface in wind is dependent on its surface area and angle relative to the airflow. This relationship peaks towards larger angles and surface areas. Is supported by this experiment.[AR21] When performing an experiment, there are always a multitude of variables that affect the outcome, and a variety of ways in which the processes can be improved upon to achieve a better result. For example, in this experiment an ordinary household fan was used to generate the required airflow. Such a device is designed to provide air to an entire room, not to provide a direct flow of air such as is required to make this experiment a success. To make the experiment more successful, a more direct airflow should be utilised, possibly by making use of a wind tunnel, or even a hair dryer[AR22]. Similarly, the electronic balance used to take measurements was only a small, relatively simple piece of equipment. Also, as previously mentioned, the air-conditioning unit in the room was likely disrupting the already-unsteady airflow. This, along with the experiments position next to the doorway and the other people in the room, may have been the cause of the discrepant results, which often differed by up to 0.0015kg. To solve this, the experiment could be re-conducted in a controlled environment with nothing affecting the more direct airflow. Additionally, a more accurate electronic balance could be used[AR23]. A more accurate balance would a piece of equipment connected to a computer that records all results for each set of tests and identifies an accurate average. The most prominent issue with the experiment was the results created by the electronic balance. The results were greatly varied, as stated above, suggesting that there were several uncontrolled variables at play, affecting the data. There are several methods that could be employed to rectify this, including those already mentioned. Performing the experiment in an isolated area where all variables can be controlled so nothing can interfere with the results is the most likely way to generate more accurate results. This, coupled with the use of a more stable structure (i.e. made from a sturdier material and fixed for effectively), a more accurate airflow and more sophisticated measuring technologies, is the best course to re-perform the experiment and give more viable results. References   Actforlibraries.org, 2017. Bernoullis Principle of Lift. [Online] Available at: http://www.actforlibraries.org/bernoullis-principle-of-lift-4/[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Aerodynamics for Students, 2016. Lift and Lift Coefficient. [Online] Available at: http://s6.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/aerodynamics/index.php/sample-page/aircraft-performance/lift-and-lift-coefficient/[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Benson, T., 2014. Lift Formula. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/WindTunnel/Activities/lift_formula.html[Accessed 09 March 2017]. Cavcar, M., N/A. The International Standard Atmosphere. [Online] Available at: http://home.anadolu.edu.tr/~mcavcar/common/ISAweb.pdf[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Hall, N., 2015. Inclination Effects on Lift. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/incline.html[Accessed 19 March 2017]. Hall, N., 2015. Lift Equation. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/vel.html[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Hall, N., 2015. The Lift Coefficient. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/liftco.html[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Hall, N., 2015. Velocity Effects on Aerodynamic Forces. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/vel.html[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Hewitt, P. G., 2004. Bernoullis Principle. [Online] Available at: http://www.nsta.org/publications/news/story.aspx?id=49598[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Hodanbosi, C., 1996. Lift Formula. [Online] Available at: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/WindTunnel/Activities/lift_formula.html[Accessed 02 March 2017]. HyperPhysics, N/A. Bernoulli Equation. [Online] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pber.html[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Jeff, S., 2003. Airfoils at High Angles of Attack. [Online] Available at: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/airfoils/q0150b.shtml[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Physics Forum, 2011. Fluid mechanics; Lift Force on a Roof; Bernoullis Equation. [Online] Available at: https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/fluid-mechanics-lift-force-on-a-roof-bernoullis-equation.533145/[Accessed 02 March 2017]. Scott, J., 2003. Airfoils at High Angle of Attack. [Online] Available at: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/airfoils/q0150b.shtml[Accessed 04 March 2017]. Scott, J., 2003. Lift Coefficient Thin Airfoil Theory. [Online] Available at: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/q0136.shtml[Accessed 04 March 2017].   

Lumumba: Race and Revolution :: essays papers

Lumumba: Race and Revolution In the French film entitled Lumumba, director Raoul Peck recreates the revolutionary struggle of Patrice Lumumba, the newly elected Prime Minister of The Congolese Republic. In the movie, we do not see much of the independence struggle against the Belgian government, but we begin to see the reconstruction of the African state in African hands. While no one ever claimed that decolonization was easy, maybe this particular example can best be explained by Fanon’s simplified little quip â€Å"decolonization is always a violent phenomenon. † In this paper, I will seek to locate where this post-colonial violence is located in discourses regarding race, class and gender. Particularly, I will look at the representations of race and class, and the lack of the representation of gender, in order to draw conclusions about the nature of representation and the effects this has on anti-colonial film. Locating the violence within the anti-colonial struggle may be harder than it seems. One can easily note the physical and sexual violence brought upon the people (black and white) of Congo after independence, but we must locate the other forms of violence in order to bring the entire story of Patrice Lumumba to light. The director’s attempt at bringing the story of Patrice Lumumba to the â€Å"silver screen† had political intentions. It had intentions of breaking post-colonial hegemonic forces that portrayed Lumumba as a nationalist dictator. In regards to race and class in Congo, I will refer to the work of Franz Fanon, in particular his book entitled The Wretched of the Earth. In this book Fanon develops a theory of â€Å"dual citizenship† required by the colonizers in order to validate the colonization process. We have to view the movie Lumumba as being part of the anti-colonial discourse in the history of the Congo but also as a historical fiction produced in 21st century France. In viewing this movie, we must locate race and class and the intersection between the two, as this is constantly the case in post-colonial states. We must also understand the exclusion of gender from revolutionary discourses as being part of patriarchy that is not challenged in certain revolutions. The exclusion of gender equality from what Lumumba struggled for is where there is a certain patriarchy, and this kind of patriarchy is evident in almost all revolutionary anti-colonial writing.

Feminist Readings of Weltys The Golden Apples :: Endora Welty The Golden Apples

Feminist Readings of Welty's The Golden Apples Jennifer Thomas writes in her article about a study of short fiction done by Carol Ann Johnston. The study targets feminist readings of Welty's writings and focuses primarily on female characters of her works. When discussing The Golden Apples, Thomas determines it was the 'tour de force', or exceptional achievement, in Johnston's study of Welty's collections. In Johnston's study she writes of the 'self-realized women' of The Golden Apples, using character Virgie Rainey as her example. The critical article contends that in Johnston's study, her selection of contemporary critics Daniale Pitavy-Souques and Patricia Yaeger are excellent choices to include since they had recently assessed Welty within currents of modernism and feminism. She then goes on to critique Johnston for oversimplification of the terms of the stories she is analyzing by citing an example from "June Recital": An angry old man flaps open his bathrobe, exposing himself to young girls taking their piano lessons in "June Recital," a display that provides, according to Johnston "a blatant show of phallic strength, [as] he attempts to silence the female voice."In the context of the story, however, the narrator freely voices her estimate of this "old turkey gobbler" and suggests he poses no such potent threat. Some of Johnston's most convincing readings concern Welty's identification with her characters, refuting the assumption that the heroine is the author's stand-in. By keeping her eye on the writer of "June Recital," Johnston astutely reminds us: "Welty identifies with Miss Eckhart, but she writes Virgie's story. (Thomas) I strongly agree with Johnston's statement that Welty has identification to her characters, whether intentional or not. She notes that although she believes Welty identifies with Miss Eckhart in "June Recital", she writes the story for Virgie. Consistently in her stories in The Golden Apples, she writes of sheltered individuals within a close community. Johnston addresses only the identification Welty has to her characters, instead of digging deeper into relational issues. I find it fascinating that in The Golden Apples, Welty paints a picture of Miss Eckhart's life as being ideal, free to follow her own passion and art, which in Miss Eckhart's case was her piano teaching, or in Welty's life, her photography and even her writing. And at the same time, Miss Eckhart has failed relationships and an overall lonely sense about her.

Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reaction

Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction March 20,2013 Amber McCollum Introduction Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the quantitative relationships that exist among the reactants and products in chemical reactions To predict the amount of product produced in a precipitation reaction using stoichiometry, accurately measure the reactants and products of the reaction, determine the actual yield vs. the theoretical yield and to calculate the percent yield. The equation that will be used is: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) > BaSO4 (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) Method 1. Gather materials needed for experiment which included: a.Small test tube with lip b. Large beaker c. Small graduated cylinder d. Large graduated cylinder e. One 9in balloon f. Citric acid g. Sodium bicarbonate h. Sodium chloride 2. To start the experiment: * Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2. 2H2O(aq) a CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O * Put on your goggles. * Weigh out 1. 0 g of CaCl2Â ·2H2O and put it into the 100-mL beaker. Add 25 mL of distilled water and stir to form the calcium chloride solution. Use only distilled water since tap water may have impurities that interfere with the experiment.. Use stoichiometry to determine how much Na2CO3 you will need for a full reaction. Weigh the calculated amount of Na2CO3 and put it in a small paper cup. Add 25 mL of distilled water and stir to make a sodium carbonate solution. * Pour the sodium carbonate solution from the paper cup into the beaker with the calcium chloride solution. A precipitate of calcium carbonate will form instantly. * Use the following instructions to set up a filtration assembly. * Swirl the contents of the beaker to dislodge any precipitate from the sides. Then, while holding the filter paper in place and open, slowly pour the content of the beaker into the filter paperlined funnel.Be careful to not let the solution overflow the level of the filter paper while pouring. * Measure out 2 to 5 mL of distilled water into the graduated cylinder. Pou r this down the sides of the beaker, swirl, and pour into the filter paper-lined funnel. * After all the liquid has drained from the funnel, lay the filter paper containing the precipitate on folded layers of paper towels and put this someplace where it will not be disturbed while the filter paper and its contents air-dry. Depending upon the humidity in your area this might take several hours or days. When the filter paper and the precipitated calcium carbonate are completely dry weigh them, subtract the original weight of the empty filter paper, and record the net weight of the calcium carbonate. This is your actual yield of calcium carbonate. * Now calculate the percent yield, using your theoretical yield and actual yield. Make sure to show all stoichiometric calculations and all data in your lab report. Calculations Step 1: Convert 2 g of Ba(NO3)2 to moles of Ba(NO3)2 2 g Ba(NO3)2 x 1 mol Ba(NO3)2 = 0. 00765 moles Ba(NO3)2 261. 4 g Ba(NO3)2 Step 2: Consider the mole ratios of Ba( NO3)2 and CuSO4.The equation tells us that for 1 mole of Ba(NO3)2 we need 1 mole of CuSO4. Thus, since the mole ratio is 1:1, if we have 0. 00765 moles of Ba(NO3)2 we will need 0. 00765 moles of CuSO4. Step 3: Convert moles of CuSO4 to grams of CuSO4. 0. 00765 moles CuSO4 x 159. 6 g CuSO4 = 1. 22 g CuSO4 1 mole CuSO4 This means that we need 1. 22 g of CuSO4 to fully react with 2 g of Ba(NO3)2. Step 4: How much BaSO4 can we expect? The mole ratio between Ba(NO3)2 and BaSO4(s) is also 1:1. That means if we have 0. 00765 moles of Ba(NO3)2 we will also get 0. 00765 moles of BaSO4(s).Step 5: Convert the moles of BaSO4 to grams of BaSO4. 0. 00765 moles BaSO4 x 233. 4 g BaSO4 = 1. 79 g BaSO4 1mole BaSO4 Step 6: Double check our results by calculating the amount of Cu(NO3)2 (aq). We don’t really need to know the amount of Cu(NO3)2 (aq) for the experiment, but it helps us double check our other results. Since we know that the total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of produc ts, we compute: 0. 00765 moles Cu(NO3)2 x 187. 55 g Cu(NO3)2 = 1. 43 g Cu(NO3)2 1 mole Cu(NO3)2 Thus, 2 g Ba(NO3)2 plus 1. 22 grams CuSO4, yields 1. 79 g BaSO4. plus 1. 43 g Cu(NO3)2.We can verify our results by comparing the total mass of reactants, 3. 22 g, with the total mass of products, also 3. 22 g. This tells us that all our calculations are correct and we can confidently use them. Step 7: Calculate the theoretical yield. From previous calculations we know that we started with 2 grams of Ba(NO3)2, and need 1. 22 grams of CuSO4 to complete the reaction from which we can expect a yield of 1. 79 grams of BaSO4. Yet this is only a theoretical yield, for we should realistically expect a little less due to expected experimental error such as some BaSO4 being lost as it passed through the filter paper.Step 8: Determine the actual yield and percent yield. After the reaction is completed and the precipitate has formed, we need to filter and dry the precipitate before we can weigh it. If we assume that after drying we have 1. 65 grams of BaSO4, then: The theoretical yield is 1. 79 grams of BaSO4. The actual yield is 1. 65 grams of BaSO4. The percent yield is 1. 65 g/ 1. 79 g x 100 = 92. 2%. Conclusion After the testing each known and unknown of the experiment, finding the ratio of the substances wasn’t very hard. The percentage of the unknown was 85. 8 %.